Salesperson characteristics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Salesperson characteristics - Essay Example Interpersonal expectancy effects research focuses on how one individual's expectations influence another individual's behavior. Also known as self-fulfilling prophecies, interpersonal expectancy effects have been shown to be a significant phenomenon in human interaction. Assessments of participants' behavior during the interaction (e.g., time spent talking) and perceptions (e.g., self-report items reflecting participants' liking for each other) revealed that prior expectations affected buyer-seller interactions. Thus, as Arthur Miller mentioned not smiling back means a real earthquake. During the course of daily lives, individuals encounter a multitude of objects. In fact, they are bombarded by a diverse array of stimuli and forced to make innumerable decisions about which to approach and which to avoid. These stimuli include not only such physical objects as foods, clothing, and toys but also other people, events, and activities (Furnham 1999, 44). Moreover, societal matters, as well as conversations with others, often require that individuals adopt a position regarding various social and political issues. Thus, merely proceeding through a day involves individuals making a continuous series of choices based on their appraisals of objects (Furnham 1999, 23). When considered in this way, daily existence appears to be astoundingly burdensome. One can readily imagine an individual who is paralyzed by the need to assess and then weigh the pros and cons of the choice alternatives for each successive decision. Yet, few people - at least not those who can be considered mentally healthy - experience day-to-day life as so phenomenologically troublesome. How do we manage We are extremely adaptive creatures who have the capacity to learn from experience. We have memory for these experiences. We develop and remember vast storehouses of knowledge regarding the attributes that characterize the objects, people, issues, and events that we either encounter directly or learn about indirectly from others. As helpful as this knowledge base might be, however, it represents only an initial step toward individuals' successful coping with the multitude of stimuli that impinge on them. Having knowledge regarding a given object available in memory provides a basis for choice, but still requires that individuals engage in extensive and effortful deliberation. They must retrieve the relevant stored information, consider its implications for approach or avoidance, and integrate those implications into a final judgment (Clarke 1998, 404). Although individuals unquestionably engage in such deliberation at times, even these processes do not seem to capture the ease with which individuals typically function in their daily lives. People do not simply acquire knowledge about the objects in their social world. Instead, individuals employ this knowledge - be it information about the positively and negatively valued attributes of the object, about their past behavioral experiences with the object, and/or about emotions that the object has evoked in the past--as the basis for forming for an attitude toward, or summary evaluation of, the object (Maio & Olson 2000, 359). In other words, individuals categorize objects along an evaluative dimension. It is such categorizations into likes and dislikes - objects that we wish to

Solar Ice Maker Essay Example for Free

Solar Ice Maker Essay Solar Icemaker Up to 1000 pounds of ice per day! Low cost and reliable source of ice for situations requiring 25 to 1000 pounds of ice per day (12-450kg). Isaac is the acronym for Intermittent Solar Ammonia Absorption Cycle. Ammonia absorption refrigeration technology was developed in the 19th century and is still used in industrial applications. Energy Concepts has adopted this technology to a machine which uses the sun as the only energy output. The particular advances in the design and configuration have resulted in a low cost and reliable method of making significant quantities of ice in areas without electricity. How Isaac Works During the day the solar collector focuses the energy of the sun onto the ammonia generator in the collector trough. Solar heat distills pure ammonia vapor from the water-ammonia solution in the generator. The vapor condenses in the cooling coils and collects as liquid ammonia in the receiving tank in the evaporator. At the end of the day, the user switches three valves from the Day to Night position to allow the ammonia to evaporate in the ice compartment, providing the refrigeration to freeze the water. The resulting vapor is absorbed back in the generator. Critical to the operation of Isaac is a passive thermosyphon that operates in the Night mode to remove the heat from the generator and allow the ammonia vapor to absorb into the solution at lower pressure and temperature. At the beginning of the day, the operator harvests the ice from the ice trays, operates a drain sequence to remove traces of absorbent from the evaporator, and places the unit back into Day mode to begin the next cycle. The solar collector is re-aimed weekly to follow the seasonal movement of the sun. Occasionally the solar collector should be rinsed with water to remove dust. The primary effort involved in operating the Isaac is filling the ice trays with water in the evening and removing the ice each morning. The valve operation only adds a few seconds to the tasks.

Regulating Prostitution Essay -- Prostitutes Ethics Morals Sex Essays

Regulating Prostitution Historically, although prostitution has been viewed as a threat to the moral order and a danger to public health, the state has tended to legislate for the regulation of prostitution, rather than introducing measures focussed on its elimination. Even early Christian societies did not seek to eliminate prostitution, with the Church fathers justifying this stance by asserting that "Sewers are necessary to guarantee the wholesomeness of palaces." (quoted by de Beauvoir, 1974, 618). St Augustine was adamant that prostitution should be recognised as a necessary social evil, arguing, Suppress prostitution and capricious lusts will overthrow society. (cited in Roberts, 1992, 61). His stance was predicated on a belief in men’s sexual appetites necessitating access to sexual outlets outside of marriage. In order to prevent them committing adultery and threatening their marriages, society should facilitate men’s access to prostitutes. It follows from St Augustine’s argument that two separate classes of women were required - good, virtuous, sexually faithful wives to service men’s procreative needs within marriage, and prostitutes who would cater to their desires and pleasures outside of marriage. Such thinking views prostitution as a necessary social evil, and reinforces the madonna/whore dichotomy. Given the fact that men’s demand for prostitution services has not abated through the ages, the historic response has been to continue to seek its regulation and control rather than its eradication. For instance, in medieval England and Europe the preferred way of regulating prostitution was to restrict prostitutes to working in certain districts and/or requiring that they dress in particular, identifiable, styles. Thus in Paris, prostitutes were confined to working in brothels in particular areas of the town and were required to wear armbands, dye their hair, "or in other ways distinguish themselves from respectable society matrons" (Bullough and Bullough, 1987, 125). Women who violated such codes of behaviour could find themselves expelled from that district, literally being run out of town. Confining the sex industry to specifically designated areas was also seen as economically advantageous in that it enabled municipal councils to share in the profits (Roberts, 1992, 90). By the 17th century the practice of visiting prostitutes was so wid... ...ciety and an Analysis of the Causes and Effects of the Suppression of Prostitution. London, Souvenir Press. Beyer, G. (1999). Change for the Better. Auckland, Random House. Bishop, C. (1931). Women and Crime. London, Chatto and Windus. Boyle, F. M., M. P. Dunne, et al. (1997). "Psychological distress among female sex workers." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 21(6): 643-646. Brock, D. R. (1998). Making Trouble, Making Work: Prostitution as a Social Problem. Toronto, University of Toronto Press. Brockett, L. and A. Murray (1994). Thai sex workers in Sydney. Sex Work and Sex Workers in Australia. R. Perkins, G. Prestage, R. Sharp and F. Lovejoy (editors). Sydney, University of New South Wales Press. Brookes, B. (1993). "A weakness for strong subjects: the women's movement and sexuality." New Zealand Journal of History 27(2): 140-156. Brothels Task Force (2001). Report of the Brothels Task Force. Sydney, New South Wales Government. Brown, A. and D. Barrett (2002). Knowledge of Evil: Child Prostitution and Child Sexual Abuse in Twentieth-Century England. Cullompton, Devon, Willan Publishing. Brown, K. (1994). "Lesbian sex workers." Broadsheet (202): 32-35.

Proposal for IPS

Current Issues and Challenges for Stakeholders We can identify the stakeholders as the primary users (management, staff and customers) of the Simple Gateway network which are affected by the deferent issues noted in the RFC. The issues and challenges are a. Document Versions Primarily affects office and management staff that receive data and make decisions based on incorrect information. The number of errors that happen due to multiple versions of documents and forms floating around the sites increase inconsistencies.Business processes rely on consistency and having no set process for document concurrent version system (C.V.) or single point of file access affects the tasks employees perform. B. Storage Localization Collaboration In the current environment affects all stakeholders as well as business outcomes. A network using a non-centralized storage layout makes these tasks difficult. Non-centralized storage is expensive to setup, maintain, and manage. Issues related to ownership, management, and version control are also created due to this.The information retrieval process is being an impediment to the efficiency of he staff and the work they perform. C. Human Resources Processes Staff benefits are being affected by manual request processing. Sick leaves, vacation time and other common HRS tasks are affecting employee's satisfaction with the employer and more than likely generating feelings that also affects performance and good doltishly to server customers. II – Performance Comparison KIP Current Environment Proposed Environment Document Versions and Data Sharing Multiple versions are passed between office staff.Incorrect information is used to make business decisions. Site files are stored on local filibuster. Sharing Is done via email. Enterprise storage will be centralized wealth Office ass's One Drive, helping in business decision making. Stakeholders will have access to the latest document version available. Administrative Tasks Management Sick leave or vacation requests are paper-based and slow. Forms and other workflow documents used by staff will be available within Office ass's Sharpening module, automating the submission and reducing response times. Servers Each office operates Its own file and email servers.Centralization of data and as management overhead. Productivity Suite Latest edition of office will be used. Ill – Recommendations Latest edition of office is used. For the centralization of documents and forms at Simple Gateways, the proposed solution is Microsoft Office 365 for the Enterprise. Office 365 is a web-based, workup collaboration and office productivity suite that provides access to centralized storage across the locations using common web browser applications. It includes tools such as Sharpening, Exchange, and Noontide for Business for shared storage.Office 365 is offered as a AAAS (Software as a Service). Office 365 delivers the same features of locally hosted services without the associate d overhead of managing a server infrastructure. The management flexibility ensures that control and security are retained for compliance requirements and is enhanced by providing centralized storage. Some of the advantages of the solution are: a. Cross Device Accessibility: Office 365 has mobile APS that the access and interaction with the platform easy wherever the user connects from and across various devices b.Management Easiness: The administration console allows for easy management of policies and security of the content and features within Office 365. Automated maintenance ensure an always up-to-date with the latest features with minimal downtime c. Enterprise grade reliability and standards: Features state-of- the-art user account control, premier disaster recovery capabilities, expert monitoring and support, geographically-distributed hosting decanters with continuous data backup and redundancy. To comply with the human resources needs presented in the RFC, a Human CapitalMa nagement (HCI) solution is recommended. For this, Epicure's Spectrum HCI has been selected. Epicure's web-based HRS software provides a comprehensive solution for workforce and benefits management, offering employees direct access to view and control their own human resource information. The solution includes: Human resources management Performance management Talent management Benefits and absence tracking Payroll IV- Solution Justification same time, these solutions are provided through the familiar interface of a web- browser which reduces the learning curve.

Natural Fires

When we speak of large scale fires, we often associate it with destructive forces that could burn properties and structures down to ashes or commit many lives. What we don’t realize is that large-scale fires have existed way back in the history of our planet, and that these fires are considered as natural occurrences. It is just our perception that lead us to our conceived meaning of fire, but truly, there are more benefits in it rather than the destruction if brings. Nature utilizes these large-scale fires for various reasons, both destructive and beneficial. We often think of fire as an evil force that consumes both living and non-living things in the environment. But besides this, we are oblivious to the fact that these fires are agents of natural change. These fires are considered as herbivores, because they consume plants and transform them to a more useful material (Bond and Kee). Most plants however, are inedible or just difficult to consume, like towering trees and the like. In order to put this into good use, fires act as herbivores that would devour an entire forest of inedible trees. They are consumed in order to transform the ecosystems into better ones, which the various creatures of our environment could live into (Pyne). No matter how man intervenes with the way the environment works, nature would always find its way with things. This is true for the occurrence of these large scale fires. Man has struggled and was somehow successful in suppressing these fires from devouring trees and other vegetations. Because of this, nature has somehow managed to adapt by increasing the temperature of the environment lately (Westerling et al.). Because of this increase in temperature, the trees in the forests become more susceptible to these fires. They easily get burned with just a little nudge, like a lit cigarette thrown into the woods, or a boy playing with some matchsticks. Works Cited: Bond, William J., and Jon E. Kee. â€Å"Fire as a Global ‘Herbivore’: The Ecology and Evolution of Flammable Ecosystems.† TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution Vol.20.No.7 (2005). Pyne, Stephen J. â€Å"Pyromancy: Reading Stories in the Flames.† Conservation Biology Vol. 18.No. 4 (2004). Westerling, A. L., et al. â€Å"Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity.† American Association for the Advancement of Science Vol. 313 (2006).      

Molar Entropy Change of a Reaction - Example Problem

Molar Entropy Change of a Reaction Problem This example problem demonstrates how to find the entropy of reaction from standard molar entropy data on the reactants and products. Entropy is calculated as a change in the level of entropy before and after a chemical reaction. Essentially, it reflects whether the amount of disorder or randomness in the system increased or decreased as a consequence of the reaction. Standard Molar Entropy Change Problem What is the standard molar entropy change of the following reaction? 4 NH3(g) 5 O2(g) → 4 NO(g) 6 H2O(g)Given:SÂ °NH3 193 J/KÂ ·molSÂ °O2 205 J/KÂ ·molSÂ °NO 211 J/KÂ ·molSÂ °H2O 189 J/KÂ ·mol (Note, in this type of problem youll either be given the molar entropy values of the reactants and products or youll need to look them up in a table.)SolutionThe change in the standard molar entropy of a reaction can be found by the difference between the sum of the molar entropies of the products and the sum of the molar entropies of the reactants.ΔSÂ °reaction ÃŽ £npSÂ °products - ÃŽ £nrSÂ °reactantsΔSÂ °reaction (4 SÂ °NO 6 SÂ °H2O) - (4 SÂ °NH3 5 SÂ °O2)ΔSÂ °reaction (4(211 J/KÂ ·K) 6(189 J/KÂ ·mol)) - (4(193 J/KÂ ·mol) 5(205 J/KÂ ·mol))ΔSÂ °reaction (844 J/KÂ ·K 1134 J/KÂ ·mol) - (772 J/KÂ ·mol 1025 J/KÂ ·mol)ΔSÂ °reaction 1978 J/KÂ ·mol - 1797 J/KÂ ·mol)ΔSÂ °reaction 181 J/KÂ ·molWe can check our work using the techniques introduced in this example problem. The reaction involves all gasses and the number of moles of products is greater than the number of moles of reactants so the expected change in entropy should be pos itive. Answer The standard molar entropy change of the reaction is 181 J/KÂ ·mol.

Idem and Ibid

Idem and Ibid Idem and Ibid Idem and Ibid By Maeve Maddox A reader asks, Could you discuss the use of â€Å"id.† in conjunction with referencing citations, especially web links? The abbreviation id. in bibliographical citations stands for Latin idem: â€Å"the same.† The abbreviation id. and the word idem are often seen in older scholarly works, but modern style guides, like The Chicago Manual of Style, no longer countenance the use: 14.30 â€Å"Idem† When several works by the same person are cited successively in the same note, idem (â€Å"the same,† sometimes abbreviated to id.) has sometimes been used in place of the author’s name. Except in legal references, where the abbreviation id. is used in place of ibid., the term is rarely used nowadays. Chicago discourages the use of idem, recommending instead that the author’s last name be repeated. Ibid. is another abbreviation related to the Latin word for same. It stands for ibidem, â€Å"in the same place† and usually refers to a single work cited in the note immediately preceding. Here is an example from the bibliographical endnotes for Chapter I, â€Å"Maid of France† in Marina Warner’s Joan of Arc: The Image of Female Heroism: 18. Pernoud, Retrial, pp. 197-8. (first mention of the book cited) 19. Ibid, p. 201. 20. Ibid, p. 134. 21. Ibid, p. 75. 22. Ibid, p. 177. 23. Ibid, p. 149. 24. Ibid, p. 96. 19. Ibid, pp. 90-2. All the references marked Ibid. are from the same source. Note: â€Å"Pernoud, Retrial† is the abbreviated form that Warner uses in the notes for Regine Pernoud’s The Retrial of Joan of Arc: The Evidence at the Trial for Her Rehabilitation. Ibid, italicized when referred to as a word, is not italicized in use. Ibid is pronounced with short i in both syllables. The i in idem is also a short vowel, as is the e. The reader asks about the use of id. in reference to Web links. I can’t recall having come across it, but if people do use it online, the same conventions that are described here would apply. For example: Maddox, Maeve. â€Å"Let the Word Do the Work.† Daily Writing Tips. May 30, 2007. Web. August 13, 2015. Ibid. The pattern for a Web citation (MLA style) is as follows: Last name, First name. â€Å"Article Title.† Website Title. Publisher. Date Month Year Published. Web. Date Month Year Accessed. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business Letter50 Synonyms for â€Å"Idea†Rite, Write, Right, Wright

How to Create Setting in Fiction

How to Create Setting in Fiction At the mention of setting, the novice writer may think that it’s just a minor detail. Just mention where the story is taking place and the time and be done with it. Wrong. The setting can make or break a story. If you don’t keep the reader grounded as to where the characters are, the time of day and their surroundings, you’ll lose that reader before they’re finished with the first chapter. It’s not enough to have compelling characters acting out some fascinating story. The reader needs to know where, when and how in order to truly get involved in the story line. The first thing in creating a story is to establish where it’s taking place. By that I don’t mean a statement that the characters are in Miami, Florida. That’s not going to hold a reader. You have to know Miami. Know its streets, the way it smells, sounds and how hot, cold or humid it is. Describe the buildings and the streets. Show how the foliage is there. Place the reader there and make them feel as if they know the place intimately. Show them how it feels to breathe in the heat and humidity. How it feels to dress for work in the morning and have your silk blouse immediately wilt and stick to your body from the humidity. How they deal with the traffic down there. Is it set in a seedy neighborhood or an affluent subdivision? Description of the location lends itself to the impression of the story. As soon as you mention a ghetto-like area, the reader automatically assumes something bad is going to happen. The more details you include, the more the reader is goin g to identify with your setting. A timeline is important so that the reader understands when this is all taking place. You can’t just start the action and expect the reader to know what time of day or year it is unless you let them know. If it’s historical then you’ll need to show details of that period of time, which means research. It’s just as important to show current time. Don’t assume the reader knows, show them. Show the time of day also, nighttime suggests caution while daylight implies freedom. By using time as well as location, you can create a sense of where the story is going. Remember not to allow your description of the setting to read like a brochure. You’re going to lose your reader when they’re forced to read where and when the story is taking place in a narrative paragraph. A skillful writer shows the setting by including it in the natural pace of the storytelling. He’ll describe location through his character’s thoughts. Include it in a dialogue between characters. Show it during action. Details about the setting should never be obvious. It should be interwoven into the story in such an inconspicuous way that the reader knows details of where, when and how without ever being conscious of being told so. This may seem minor but when creating effective setting, you must know what you are talking about. As soon as the reader detects something incorrect or out of place, they’re going to put that book down. For example, showing Miami with a snowstorm in the winter will definitely jolt a reader to reality and force him to reconsider reading any more by a writer who obviously doesn’t know where Miami is located and the fact that snow just doesn’t happen there. Write about something you are familiar with or else be prepared to do research to get accurate facts into the story. The setting is just as important as the creation of characters and dialogue. A good writer will devote just as much care and attention to setting as to the rest of the story.

Thomas Aquinas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Thomas Aquinas - Essay Example Through the scriptures, God has several definitions that vary across cultures and religions. He is an all-powerful person who can fill a person with the Holy Spirit and the power to differentiate right from wrong. According to Aquinas, many preachers describe God every Sunday at congregation, but the fact is that, each religion has its own preacher, with their own message about the existence of God and his abilities. That calls for the need of a universal language about God because of the disagreements that occur because of his various descriptions in the society. The argument about the nonexistence of God is not reasonable, according to Thomas Aquinas. The bible, Quran, and other religious scriptures have received considerable bashing over the messages they perpetrate, especially on the topic of violence. Considering the traits God is given, this is not supposed to be the case because He is not a violent person. For that reason, the concept of a special theory arises that can outline the regulations, laws, way of life, or the performance of required acts in observance to

Children and hand-washing and Diaper changing Research Paper

Children and hand-washing and Diaper changing - Research Paper Example Work up a good lather for at least one minute. I actually felt confident about my hand washing and diaper changing techniques because I have helped take care of baby nieces and nephews in the past so this task was not really alien to me. I just had to make a few adjustments to my technique in order to come up to the required methods for this class. Like I mentioned earlier, I needed to make a few adjustments in terms of where to lay the clean diaper and how to transfer the child to that clean diaper. My hand washing technique, however, does not require any changes. I have learned that properly positioning the diaper under the child and making sure that the diaper is properly spread out could spell the difference in a childs comfort. The more spread out the diaper, the more comfortable the child will be. I also learned the importance of having clean hands while changing a

Beneifts of Early Intervention Systems for Police Officers Essay

Beneifts of Early Intervention Systems for Police Officers - Essay Example Police officials who have been working with the EIS for many years indicate that this type of intervention practices have a positive effect on officer performance. Principles for promoting police integrity, a report published by the US Department of Justice in 2001, says that EI systems are one of the best practices to promote police officers’ accountability; and the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement also recommends the practice of EI systems to meet the institution’s values and mission statement. When there is an effective EI system in operation, police officers are less likely to engage in corrupt practices due to the fear of disciplinary actions. Furthermore, since EI system continuously monitors police officers’ practices, officers may be motivated to improve their performance standards. One of the major benefits of EIS is that they control misconducts in police departments and thereby keep the dignity of police officers. Studies found that thou gh only a small percent of officers are corrupt, they destroy the reputation of the whole police department. Hence, EI systems are the best mechanism to attain people’s confidence in policing. ... In addition to police managers’ monitoring activities, a well designed EI system receives complaints from common people. Since police officers interact more with local people in their day to day dealings, the citizen complaint system would be more effective to identify the corrupt policing practices. According to the US Department of Justice, the EI system is a potential mechanism to identify racial discrimination practices of police officers in traffic stops. â€Å"EI systems are consistent with the goals of Community Policing and can help improve police-community relation problems† (Walker, 2003). In other words, this mechanism has the ability to build strong policy-community relations, which in turn will reduce crime rates in the community. Studies reflect that since EI systems make police officers responsible for their actions, these systems can improve police integrity as well. According to a study conducted by the National Institute of Injustice, the three EI syst ems including Miami-Dade, Minneapolis, and New Orleans are found effective in reducing the use of force incidents and people complaints. To illustrate, the average rate of citizen complaints in Minneapolis declined by 67 percent after the introduction of the EI system (as cited in OPI research paper). As Walker (2003) opines, the MI systems not only prevent corrupt policing practices but also improve the behavior of subject officers. Another major advantage of EI systems is that they have the potential to distinguish top performing police officers from underperforming officers and problem making officers. Hence, the system can be used for the purpose of police officer promotions or provision of remedial assistance for officers

Week 6 students discussions answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Week 6 students discussions answers - Assignment Example However, administrators may allow wish to deny employs access to some sites, as such, they can add them to the restricted sites zone. At home, some websites can be added to restricted sites zone, to prevent kids from accessing them. Additionally, I concur with Joshua that often updating of IE is important wince it helps prevent security vulnerabilities. However, Joshua fails to explain what need to be considered before the decision to update is considered. Before deciding what needs to be updated that a CIO considers whether certain important add-ons, extensions, and plugins would be compatible with the new version. I agree with Catherine that the SmartScreen filter is an important component of the IE responsible of monitoring traffic for any evidence of phishing activity, and as such, should not be disabled, especially in a business setting. I tend to disagree with Catherine’s notion that as long as an older version of IE is working correctly, there is no need for updating to a newer one. Updating to a newer version prevents any sort of security vulnerabilities that might arise. I agree with Joshua that restricting the applications run on a workstation helps prevent security vulnerabilities; and it is the responsibility of the system and network administrators to test applications for vulnerabilities and ensure that vulnerable applications are not run on computers. I also agree with Joshua, that as an end user, I would be agitated with the policy of restricting application being run on a computer due to security reasons, since such restricted applications, may be important to me. I do not agree with Joshua that developer’s hard coding is responsible for the occurrence of application compatibility bugs. In my opinion, application compatibility bugs may occur as a result of updating to a newer operating system. I an organizational context, once the operating system has been updated, it is important that compatible applications

ETHICAL DILEMMA IN THE CLINICAL RESEARCH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ETHICAL DILEMMA IN THE CLINICAL RESEARCH - Essay Example The first is on the issue of disclosing all the information to the participants including all the risks of the trial or to just disclose the most important of the information and let the rest of the information be disclosed after the trial as a debrief. The dilemma comes in where the full disclosure of all the information to the participants may lead to some of them not giving informed consent and opting out in which case it will take longer to find others without any guarantee that they will also stay throughout the whole exercise. The lack of disclosure will lead to signing the consent and the trial continuing as scheduled (Gad, 2009). The other ethical dilemma comes in in the issue of publication of the findings of the clinical trial. The clinical trial may be marked with several problems which may render the drug unfriendly to most people. If this information is released to the public through the findings, the drug may either be banned from manufacture and production or harm many people. On the other hand, the lack of issuing of publication will mean that no one will know of the drug and hence the whole process of research and trial will have just been a waste of time and money and hence a loss which many pharmaceutical companies cannot handle (Verdu-Pacual and Ponce, 2001). They therefore have to make the hard choice of risking the lives of people and a future lawsuit by publishing or cutting their losses and going back to the drawing board. Lastly is the issue of patent rights versus the rights of patients. A patent lasts for 4 years at which point it is given to another company or group. Every company wants to maximize these 4 years in order to have covered the expenses of production and made enough profit to sustain them (Lo, 2012). The dilemma comes in where in order to be able to do this within this short time, they have to overcharge the consumers for the drugs which is considered totally unethical and even inhumane and especially if the

HIV and Pregnancy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HIV and Pregnancy - Research Paper Example Transmission occurs through body fluids like blood, semen, cervical or vaginal discharge and breast milk (Reynolds, 2004). Vertical transmission is thereby possible during pregnancy, labor and breast-feeding period. The gravity of the problem is indicated by the statistics which tell us that 15-20% of infants born to HIV positive women not on retro-viral treatment will be infected during the last trimester of pregnancy and more so in labor. This paper deals with the methods of managing and preventing this incurable disease being transmitted from mother to child during the pregnancy period, during labor and during the infancy period and the role of nurses in this function. The HIV has an affinity for the CD4 cells or the T helper lymphocytes which are the key role players in the body immune response (Reynolds, 2004). HIV later develops into AIDS. The symptoms of the illness are actually symptoms of the opportunistic infections, associated tumors and encephalopathy. Children born to HI V positive women may carry the antibodies for one year. They cannot be considered positive till above one year of age. The Department of Health in UK recommends an HIV test for all pregnant women so nobody can claim lack of awareness of their condition (Hawkins et al, 2005). The ethics of providing treatment for infertility had previously been questioned but now centers are reviewing their policies (Hawkins et al, 2005). Vertical transmission may be facilitated during pregnancy by malnutrition, high viral load in the first trimester, reactivated herpes simplex infection, genital infections and illicit drug use (NAM, 2004). Prevention may be targeted at these focal points to reduce the vertical transmission. Malnutrition may be prevented by ensuring that pregnant women consume sufficient nutritious food, compensating for diarrhea by more potassium-containing foods, nausea by taking small frequent meals and loss of weight by nutritional supplements (Reynolds, 2004). Mouth ulcers and c andidiasis may be corrected similarly. Avoiding infection and providing timely and apt treatment would help in controlling infection. However this becomes a problem if other children are in the family. Regular blood tests like CD cell count and other tests could indicate the immune response status. Exposure to blood-borne infections like herpes simplex and cytomegalus viruses and toxoplasmosis must be noted as they could be activated again when the immunity reduces. Prophylaxis is possible by instituting anti-retroviral therapy when the CD4 count lowers from 250cells/cu.mm. Prognosis is facilitated by the three-drug HAART therapy of nevirapine, lamivudine and zidovudine (AVERT, 2002). These are avoided in the first 14 weeks as they could produce terratogenesis. Problems like drug resistance and side-effects like nausea, vomiting and diarrhea are expected. Opportunistic infections may be treated but they too produce similar side-effects and thrombocytopenia. Support may be provided t o those who use illicit drugs and wean them away. The women may be given oral zidovudine in the last 26 weeks of pregnancy and intravenous zidovudine (AZT) during labor and oral AZT syrup for the infant for the first six weeks when breastfeeding is avoided (Reynolds, 2004). Bloodless Caesarian Sections could be planned for delivery. Invasive procedures need to be avoided. A difficult labor should not be permitted to happen. The doctors and staff

ETHICAL DILEMMA IN THE CLINICAL RESEARCH Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

ETHICAL DILEMMA IN THE CLINICAL RESEARCH - Essay Example The first is on the issue of disclosing all the information to the participants including all the risks of the trial or to just disclose the most important of the information and let the rest of the information be disclosed after the trial as a debrief. The dilemma comes in where the full disclosure of all the information to the participants may lead to some of them not giving informed consent and opting out in which case it will take longer to find others without any guarantee that they will also stay throughout the whole exercise. The lack of disclosure will lead to signing the consent and the trial continuing as scheduled (Gad, 2009). The other ethical dilemma comes in in the issue of publication of the findings of the clinical trial. The clinical trial may be marked with several problems which may render the drug unfriendly to most people. If this information is released to the public through the findings, the drug may either be banned from manufacture and production or harm many people. On the other hand, the lack of issuing of publication will mean that no one will know of the drug and hence the whole process of research and trial will have just been a waste of time and money and hence a loss which many pharmaceutical companies cannot handle (Verdu-Pacual and Ponce, 2001). They therefore have to make the hard choice of risking the lives of people and a future lawsuit by publishing or cutting their losses and going back to the drawing board. Lastly is the issue of patent rights versus the rights of patients. A patent lasts for 4 years at which point it is given to another company or group. Every company wants to maximize these 4 years in order to have covered the expenses of production and made enough profit to sustain them (Lo, 2012). The dilemma comes in where in order to be able to do this within this short time, they have to overcharge the consumers for the drugs which is considered totally unethical and even inhumane and especially if the

Interest groups and Political parties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Interest groups and Political parties - Essay Example Common good can be referred to as the goodness of an event or a phenomenon that is shared by all communities of a given society. Thus, keeping in view the roles played by interest groups and political parties, it can be stated that both the groups are conducive in working towards common good of a particular society and those elements which make up that society. However, this statement holds certain pre conditions, i.e. the interest groups are not self centered and political parties do not strive for gaining power only over all others. In other words, it is the intent behind the formation of these groups which comes into play and is considered extremely important. Motives, actions and desires yield goodness as long as the driving force behind them remains noble. Same is the case with interest groups and political parties. The reason of stating that the two set of groups are conducive in attaining or working towards the common good is that these groups provide a platform to the general public around through which people can raise their voices, share their opinions, take part in decision making process, highlight their concerns and problems and reach such decisions which are acceptable and beneficial for all. In this regard, work of Rousseau holds a special place. According to him, people should be "sovereign" and the government should only be there to implement laws. He believed that laws shall be enacted by direct democracy, which followed that each person should directly be involved in law making through a platform.

Belonging Essay Example for Free

Belonging Essay According to Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs, love and belonging is what drives human existence. We search for a sense of belonging every day of our lives, not realising that it is our perceptions and attitudes towards belonging that determine the fulfilment we experience. We can choose how we belong and the level of fulfilment we experience by changing our perceptions and attitude. This concept is expressed through the poetry of Peter Skrzynecki’s â€Å"Immigrant Chronicle†, Marc Foster’s film â€Å"Finding Neverland† and Nam Le’s short story â€Å"Love and Honour and Pride and Pity and Compassion and Sacrifice. Skrzynecki communicates the way that his perceptions and attitudes towards belonging affected his ability to feel fulfilled and content from a cultural perspective through his poetic anthology â€Å"Immigrant Chronicle†. In â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† the poet describes the admiration he has for his father and the way that he can remain connected to Poland in his mind whilst living in new country. Skrzynecki uses the word â€Å"gentle† to define his father, demonstrating the level of respect he has for him. He references the saying ‘keeping up with the Joneses’ in the line â€Å"Kept pace only with the Joneses/ Of his own minds making† to communicate that his father is able to feel content and fulfilled by choosing to stay connected with Poland, but only in his mind can he do so because they now live so far away. Skrzynecki doesn’t understand how his father can choose to belong, demonstrating his confusion by saying that his father is â€Å"happy as I have never been. † We begin to understand that Skrzynecki’s attitude towards belonging to his Polish heritage reflects his feelings of disconnection in the poem â€Å"Ancestors†. The line â€Å"where sand and grasses never stir† is a metaphor used to represent the stagnation of Skrzynecki’s connection with his Polish heritage. He is plagued with guilt and frustration as a result of his disconnection and this is demonstrated through the accusatory nature of the figures in his dream. The use of alliteration communicates Skrzynecki’s threat: â€Å"Standing shoulder to shoulder†. Skrzynecki does not realise that it is his own perceptions and attitudes that prevent him from belonging to his Polish ancestors, and this is reflected in his use of rhetorical questions throughout the poem: â€Å"how long is their wait to be? † Skrzynecki’s attitudes towards belonging begin to change in the poem â€Å"10 Mary Street† and a greater sense of fulfilment is communicated. Skrzynecki references his own poem â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† in the line â€Å"tended roses and camellias/ like adopted children. † This demonstrates that Skrzynecki’s perception of his father’s sense of belonging to his garden had changed. In â€Å"Feliks Skrzynecki† Skrzynecki felt excluded because his father â€Å"loved his garden like an only child†. In â€Å"10 Mary Street† he realises that the sense of belonging he shares with his father is greater than the connection his father has with the garden and that to him it is just like an â€Å"adopted† child. This change in attitude leads to the last poem of the anthology â€Å"Post Card† in which Skrzynecki comes to the realisation that he has the ability to choose where and how he belongs. He writes of a post card that has been sent to him by a friend visiting Warsaw, the town in Poland where he and his parents once lived. Skrzynecki gives a description of the post card that is plainly devoid of emotion until the last line: â€Å"The sky’s the brightest shade. † This line is positively connoted and reflects Skrzynecki’s realisation that he has the ability to connect with Warsaw. Skrzynecki directly addresses the town by stating â€Å"I never knew you. † This personifies the town and further demonstrates the poets growing connection. Skrzynecki uses the qualifier â€Å"for the moment† to undercut the line â€Å"I never knew you† which is repeated in the fourth stanza. This demonstrates that Skrzynecki recognises that he doesn’t feel a sense of belonging to his Polish heritage, but that he is willing to explore it. He once again addresses the town with a rhetorical question in the fourth stanza: â€Å"What’s my choice to be? † This directly communicates that Skrzynecki understands that he has a choice about connecting to his Polish heritage and belonging, whilst also conveying his sense of indecision. Throughout the entire anthology Skrzynecki communicates his feelings of disconnection from both Australian and Polish cultures. Post Card† is Skrzynecki’s resolution as he is content with acknowledging that he doesn’t have to belong, and at the same time recognising that he doesn’t have to feel excluded from his Polish culture either. He uses the last lines of the poem to communicate that he does feel some sense of belonging to Warsaw, through personifying the town as speaking to him: â€Å"On a rivers bank/ A lone tree whispers:/ â€Å"We will meet before you die. † This externalises Skrzynecki’s new perceptions and attitude towards belonging and his acknowledgement that he will visit Poland one day and then make the choice as to whether or not he belongs to it. Marc Foster’s â€Å"Finding Neverland† alludes to the perception that a place where we belong can be created, through imagination as well as relationships. The protagonist James Barrie James Barrie is the protagonist in â€Å"Finding Neverland† and uses his imagination to create a place where he can hide from the unhappy reality of his failing plays and marriage, a place where he belongs. Foster demonstrates Barrie’s sense of not belonging at the beginning of the movie, when we see the playwright peeping through the stage curtains at the audience in the theatre. This shows us that Barrie is anxious, an emotion that is juxtaposed with those of the laughing, relaxed theatregoers. His anxiety and inner turmoil is further demonstrated when a point of view camera shot shows us that Barrie is imagining a rain storm with a colour pallet of dark blues and blacks within the theatre. The repeated image of a door is used to demonstrate the disconnection between Barrie and his wife. For example, when Barrie asks Mary if she would like to join him on a walk to the park she declines via a shout through a closed door. During another scene Mary and Barrie are left bickering, and are again disconnected by doors when the couple retire to their separate bedrooms. The doorway into which Mary retreats is dark and presents a sense of gloom for the woman, but Barrie’s doorway reveals brightly coloured parkland. This is where we are introduced to the concept of the imaginary Neverland and the purpose it has in allowing Barrie to choose to exist in a world where he belongs. When Barrie meets the Davies family his perceptions and attitudes towards belonging begin to change. The strong relationship he is forming with the four young boys and their mother is represented through the shared experience of imaginary worlds. The scenes swap back and forth between the Davies’ back yard and an old western tavern where the boys play a game of ‘Cowboys and Indians’. Likewise, a setting of a quiet, countryside pine forest becomes an Amazonian jungle in which the Davies’ family are pirates awaiting to be appointed to the crew of Captain Barrie. The editing is fast paced to show that the sense of belonging that Barrie and the Davies are developing through their relationships with one another is becoming stronger. Barrie comes to the realisation that he can belong outside of his imaginary world. Foster uses close up shots that are shared between him and the Davies boys, which communicate the strong bonds of love and friendship that they have with each other whilst also demonstrating Barrie’s new perceptions of belonging. Barrie has a choice as to whether he belongs in reality or in Neverland. Nam Le’s â€Å"Love and Honour and Pity and Pride and Compassion and Sacrifice† also demonstrates that perceptions and attitudes determine an individual’s ability to belong, through the relationship between a young writer appropriately named Nam and his father. In the title of his short story, Le references William Faulkner and the verities that define human interaction. The words become Nam’s influence in adapting his perceptions and attitudes towards belonging throughout the story. Nam struggles over whether he should use his father’s account of surviving the My Lai massacre as a fourteen year old boy and later Vietnamese prison camps after the fall of Saigon for a writing assignment. A strong sense of disconnection is evident between Nam and his father, demonstrated through the use of short, blunt sentences and pronouns that separate the two characters identities from each other: â€Å"He loved speaking in Vietnamese proverbs. I had long since learned to ignore it. † Nam is influenced by his mentors who tell him that â€Å"ethnic literature is hot†, but he questions whether Faulkner’s verities would apply to any ethnic literature that he could write when he doesn’t feel a sense of belonging to his Vietnamese heritage. Nam feels pressured to get his story done, and the only thing breaking him free of his writer’s block is his father’s past: â€Å"F**k it, I thought. I had two and a half days left. I would write the ethnic story of my Vietnamese father. † Personal pronouns are used in this example to communicate that Nam is writing the story for his own gain, and not his father’s because there is no sense of belonging in their relationship. The use of profanity suggests that there is internal conflict within Nam and guilt over not feeling a true sense of belonging with his father and Vietnamese history. Nam’s attitude towards feeling a sense of belonging to his father’s story changes when a friend tells him that the reason he respects his writing is because he doesn’t â€Å"exploit the Vietnamese thing. † He feels a sense of shame for taking his father’s history so lightly: â€Å"We were locked in all the intricate ways of guilt. † This is where Nam comes to realise that even though his heritage is rich with the verities that Faulkner talked about, he cannot write truthfully without feeling a sense of belonging to his Vietnamese culture or his father. Nam chooses to reach out to his father in attempt to understand and develop a sense of belonging to what he had written about. He uses his new perspective about his father and his father’s past to rewrite the story, and the pronouns â€Å"me† and â€Å"he† are used in the same sentences now, to show the son’s connection to his father: â€Å"He would see how powerful was his experience, how valuable his suffering – how I had made it speak for more than itself. He would be pleased with me. † Nam has chosen to change his attitude towards the relationship he has with his father and as a result can belong through his new understanding. All three texts communicate how changes in perspectives and attitudes towards belonging determine the level of fulfilment we can experience. Through these texts we can perceive that belonging is a choice and that our perceptions and attitudes towards belonging determine how fulfilling our lives are. If we can control our perceptions and attitudes towards belonging, we can effectively control how we belong, and as a result develop a higher understanding and awareness of our own identities.

Car Racing Essays -- essays research papers

Automobile Racing Automobile Racing, one of the most popular sports in the world, have races run with wide coverage on television - before millions of fans. It tests the skills of the drivers, the speed capabilities of the vehicles, and the endurance of both. The first racing cars were motorized versions of horse-drawn carriages and wagons. The first race was a reliability demonstration from Chicago to Waukegan, Illinois, in November 1895, while the first American oval-track race, held at the Rhode Island State Fairgrounds in Cranston in 1896, was won at an average speed of 43.1 km/h. Racing in the United States became popular two years later, with the opening of 4-km brick-surfaced Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Indianapolis, Indiana. Later on, the speeds of the cars increased and the condition of road improve as well, so cars designers began designing cars specially to be raced. Racing cars now fall into two broad categories. First are open-wheeled vehicles, in which the wheels are not under fenders. The other categories of racing cars are closed-wheeled with an enclosed cockpit. Automobile racing was seen only in the United States and continental Europe until the 1930s. Then the popularity of the sport began to spread. As the European countries wanted to show off their empires, races were held in Italian and French African colonial outposts, such as Tripoli, Libya, and Casablanca, Morocco. Smaller nations, such as Monaco, San Marino, and Macau, also wanted the prestige...

West Indies :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Countless of years ago a great mountain range stretched north from what is now the topmost coast of South America, the range was in a constant state of upheaval, lashed by continuous rains, swept by storms, with fire spouting from every peak finally the mountains dropped beneath the sea, quieted most of the volcanoes. The exposed peaks were covered with verdure of fantastic beauty, and left these peaks above the sea to form the chain of West Indian islands as we know today. Although they were islands surrounded by the Caribbean Sea, and are nowhere near Asian India, they were still considered the West Indian islands. Then why the concept of West Indian, we ask? Christopher Columbus, who discovered these islands, can surely explain why he gave such a name to islands that were never Indian descent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discovered in 1492 by Christopher Columbus the West Indies were given this name through his mistaken belief that he had reached the Indies, and he himself wrote of them as Las Yndias Ocidentales, referred to as the accidental Indies. After the mistake was realized they were later called them West Indies to distinguish them from the East Indies and at the time in the sixteenth century they were known as the Little Indies, while the East Indies were called the Great Indies. The native inhabitants of the West Indies and America were called Indians as a result of the same error. To distinguish them from the inhabitants of India they were to be called Amerindians or Red Indians. The islands are divided into three major groups: the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and the Lesser Antilles. The Greater Antilles consist of Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and Jamaica, and all the rest, except the Bahamas, are included in the group of Lesser Antilles, and were also called the C aribee Islands.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The name West Indies is often loosely applied to the mainland territories of South and Central America (the Spanish Main) and in the past was even applied to those in North America. The name America has been used as including the West Indies. The British use of Windward Islands and Leeward Islands has brought up confusion. The Spaniards correctly called all the eastern islands of the West Indian chain the Windward Islands, Islas de Balovento, and the small islands close to the northern shores of South America the Leeward Islands, Islas de Sotavento.

Smoking Persuasive Essay

A smoker with a pack of cigarettes is like a teenage girl with a cell phone. They both never leave anywhere without it. Smoking related diseases cause approximately 440, 000 American deaths each year. Each day, three thousand children smoke their first cigarette. It is killing people and polluting the earth which doesn’t serve a positive purpose in any way. It is something that millions around the world have taken up and are unable to stop. Smoking is such a bad habit and does not benefit anyone but tobacco companies. It is a complete money scamming business yet people are aware but continue to buy them every day. Back then, smoking was considered to be cool, sexy, and healthy for you. When scientists discovered that it was the complete opposite of healthy and that it was actually killing you, a lot of people stopped. Tobacco companies were probably a little worried but lucky for them most people were already addicted. In 1970, President Nixon signed the law that placed warning labels on smokes and banned television advertisements. Banning smoking commercials doesn’t even really affect the cigarette companies that much. Most advertising these days is done by actual people smoking cigarettes and word of mouth. When people litter cigarette filters and packs it also acts as an advertisement. Tobacco companies don’t really have to do much advertising anymore. Not only does smoking affect humans but it also affects the environment. Cigarettes contain approximately 4000 chemicals. Those chemicals are being released into our air and being put on the ground. Cigarette buds that are being thrown onto the street are getting into our rivers and lakes and poisoning our water. When they are thrown onto grass and soil they poison our plants. Animals then eat the plants and we eat those animals. It is a cycle that is getting everyone sick. The production of cigarettes is also bad for the environment. Companies waste valuable soil to grow their tobacco. That soil could be used for growing crops or producing food for third world countries. These plants need to be sprayed by chemicals and pesticides in order to maintain a proper growth. It takes one tree to produce the packaging for three hundred cigarettes. Energy and water is also being used in the production of cigarettes which we need to save. Teenagers are now being exposed to smoking at an earlier age these days. It primarily begins at the age of 16 and most first time smoker’s start before their high school graduation. Children who have parents that smoke are more likely to take up the bad habit. Most teens that start smoking early will have a harder time quitting and will have more health issues than someone that begins smoking at the age of 21. More than 90% of smokers started when they were teenagers. As an ex smoker, I can agree that smoking can be addictive. I personally have never been addicted to it but I know that it also isn’t easy to stop. I believe that most people get addicted to it because they need something to inhale. Companies have tried to make nicotine inhalers but I personally don’t think that they would be as satisfying as having a cigarette. If there was a natural, legal, healthy herb that didn’t have chemicals, and were to have the same effects as cigarettes, I’m sure people would be smoking it. In conclusion, smoking is definitely not a habit that people should take up. The list of pros does not even come close to the cons when it comes to smoking. It is just a bad habit that a lot of people take up these days and can’t stop. It is killing humans and animals as well as the environment. Every time someone flicks the ash off their smoke it looks almost as if the cigarette is nodding its head up and down telling you that it’s ok to smoke. The tobacco industry is almost like a big hit man that is just murdering everyone. People that don’t even smoke are being killed because of it. It is a money making business that needs to be stopped before everyone suffers.

Examine the ways Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Essay

Examine the ways Sir Arthur Conan Doyle adds a sense of mystery and suspense to the typical detective story in the sign of four. (Write about the mysterious nature of the plot. The exotic nature of the settings, the variety of personalities involved in the story on both major and minor level. The personalities of Holmes and Watson. The way late Victorian society and its attitudes are depicted. Your own response to the book. ) Sir Arthur Conan Doyle starts the mystery off in the book straight away by just naming the book â€Å"The Sign of Four†, this encourages the reader to open and start reading the book. He creates suspense in the book by not including us in the crime in the first chapter, which differs from the normal detective story; he chooses to settle you in to the story by introducing you to the characters in the story. We find out that many people respect Holmes. â€Å"Mr. Sherlock Holmes-† he began; but the words seem to have a magical effect, for the window instantly slammed shut, and within a minute the door was open. And â€Å"A friend of Sherlock Holmes is always welcome,† When the author does enter Holmes and Watson in to the crime; he creates suspense by constantly solving bits of the puzzle, and introducing new problems. This also keeps the reader interested in the novel. Doyle indulges us in the novel by letting us see the story unfold from Watson’s view; this doesn’t let us know what Holmes is thinking, and keeps us guessing, â€Å"Have u read your Jean-Paul. † This again differs from the typical detective novel, thus increasing the suspense. Another way Doyle adds mystery to the book is the way he leaves the end of chapters at cliffhangers The little man obeyed in a half-stupefied fashion, and we heard him stumbling down the stairs in the dark. The typical â€Å"Who done it? Is not present in the â€Å"Sign of four† adding mystery around the crime. The reader finds out who committed the crime half way through the novel, differing from the normal rounding up of suspects in to one room and explaining the motive, chain of events and finally the guilty party. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle differs from the norm with a very relaxed detective, Sherlock Holmes and I blankly looked at each other and then burst simultaneously into an uncontrollably fit of laughter. When they do find the right trail, they find that the criminals are intelligent. â€Å"We are out of luck,† said Holmes. â€Å"They have taken a boat here. † Suspense is increased at this point, as the women knew that a man with a wooden leg came and hired a boat late at night. â€Å"I don’t like that wooden legged man,† In the first chapter the author establishes a social hierarchy; this differs from the social hierarchy of today. In the 19th Century the rich gentleman (non-working) were considered higher in status and intelligence than doctors or teachers which today would be considered higher in society than the gentleman. This attitude is reflected in Sherlock Holmes. He is a â€Å"gentleman† that is egotistical, misogynist and vain, yet he is always right. His knowledge is referred to at the start of the book when he is casually taking drugs. Again differing from the typical detective novel as usually you would not associate the hero, with being a drug taker showing differences in 19th century society to nowadays. He smiled at my vehemence. â€Å"Perhaps you are right, Watson,† As u can see Holmes is condescending Watson in the previous quote, showing the difference in society, as we would probably listen to a doctor if he told us something was bad. His intelligence shows again when he produces a likely (correct) storyline. The most obvious difference in society from the 19th century is that the language has changed, sentences are said in different orders and words have â€Å"evolved† (e. g. from thus to that). Watson is put in the Sherlock Holmes mysteries so the reader can relate to someone in the book. The reader relates to Watson because he finds out clues or puzzles the same time we do, he also finds out what Holmes is thinking when we do because Doyle chose to have a narrator involved in the story. This allows us to relate well. Watson is a very clever person making the reader relate even better as many people would not think of themselves as stupid. Watson has a personality which is a very calm, respectful, caring and modest. He never questions Holmes but is always mindful of what he is doing and obviously shows great respect for him: â€Å"He did not seem offended. On the contrary, he put his fingers together, leaned forward on his chair like one who relishes conversation. † Miss Morstan is the typical 19th Century Woman. Very frail, â€Å"angelic† woman needed to be protected by a strong man (Watson). Nowadays we would not see women as â€Å"frail† or â€Å"angelic† they are presumed competent to look after them selves. Doyle having lived in the 19th Century does not hold that opinion of women although unusually places a women at the center of the story. She, having lived in a boarding school since she was seventeen sees Watson as a â€Å"Father† figure and her feelings towards him grow stronger, and they eventually marry at the end of the book. The other characters of this story include Thaddeus Sholto, Athenly Jones and Jonathon Small. Thaddeus Sholto is a bizarre looking, bald man. He is often nervous as he has bodyguards who surprisingly are Indian. When he is first introduced in to the story he is wearing Indian clothing and smokes from a â€Å"Hookah,† his house is decorated in a typically Indian manner, he is a stereotypical hypochondriac and trusts no-one. Many 19th Century people thought that it was the best gift to be English, and people who chose to be or act a different way were considered to be mad. We nowadays would not think of foreigners as crazy unless we had met them, and got to know them well, this is associated with physiognomy, as people in the 19th Century firmly believed that they could tell if someone was bad by their facial features. He also has a great sense of moral value and respect. Athenly Jones is normally one of the people who deals with the more trivial cases in the world and only crosses paths with Holmes when he is perplexed. â€Å"When Gregson, Lestrade or Jones are out of their depths, the matter is laid before me. † When they first encounter each other Jones has a hint of envy in his voice. â€Å"You lectured us on the Bishopgate Jewell case. † He is obviously a man who does not like to be bettered and does not appear to have the same amount of respect and awe around Sherlock Holmes. We are told that Jonathon Small is, â€Å"A poorly educated man, small, active, with his right leg off, and he wears a wooden stump. † And â€Å"He is middle aged, sunburnt, and an ex-convict. † This quote in the 19th Century due to there attitudes on Physiognomy would make the readers think that he was a man to be wary of, and not trust. In the book Small is represented in a resentful, unkind manner; and is portrayed as a man who has led a hard and tiring life only wanting justification for his life, receiving what is rightfully his. Going back to the Physiognomy theory a controversial book was published in 1869 called â€Å"The Origin of the Species. † It followed the widely accepted theory of physiognomy. It made people believe that black people or â€Å"savages† were less evolutionally developed than they were. So Smalls’ accomplice from the Andaman Islands was viewed as a â€Å"savage† as well as being part of the smallest (height-wise) race on the earth. Being that they were â€Å"fierce, morose intractable people, with distorted features. † However this view was wrong and when you became loyal friends, they were loyal back. In the 19th Century many children did not attend school, either through poverty or they’re parents did not want them to go. They were left wandering the streets earning cheap money by doing errands. Sherlock Holmes refers to them as, â€Å"His dirty little Lieutenants. † He refers to them when he and Watson are hot on the trail of the Small and his accomplish. I enjoyed this book as it differs greatly from the normal detective novels creating suspense, mystery and anxiety. The way Sir Arthur Conan Doyle structured this book was very well done and deserves great praise, it kept me interested all the way through and surprised me one or two times as well. This after all did not conform to my original preconceptions of the book.

Crime and the Life Course

Developmental theory is a subfield of criminology and a subfield of psychology sometimes known as â€Å"child† or â€Å"adolescent† psychology. Developmental theory is about normal human development, or growing up. It looks for the causes of crime in the complex mix, or interaction, of various childhoods cognitive deficits (e. g. , low IQ, attention deficit disorder, conduct problems, cognitive â€Å"scripts†) with various situational, or contextual, handicaps (e. g. , school failure, peer rejection, parental abuse or neglect, and gender/ethnic discrimination).The concept of critical criminology is that crime and the present day processes of criminalization are rooted in the core structures of society is of more relevance today than it has been at any other time. American feminism has its origins in the 1848 women's rights convention held at Seneca Falls, New York where a â€Å"Declarations of Sentiments and Resolutions† was passed. This first wave of femi nism was anti-slavery oriented and wished for the emancipation of peoples everywhere who were being usurped and exploited.It ended in 1920 with passage of the 19th Amendment giving women the right to vote. Second-wave feminism started in the late 1960s and was called the â€Å"women's liberation movement†, devoted to greater social, political, and economic equality. It focused on the emancipation of women and liberal correctives to the role of women in society. The third wave of feminism started in the late 1980s, devoted to an analysis of patriarchy, or the pervasiveness of male dominance. It was basically a critical or radical movement that looked into how society could be transformed.How might developmental theories explain the existence of habitual offenders? Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a biologist who originally studied mollusks (publishing twenty scientific papers on them by the time he was 21) but moved into the study of the development of children's understanding, thr ough observing them and talking and listening to them while they worked on exercises he set. His view of how children's minds work and develop has been enormously influential, particularly in educational theory (Atherton, 2009).His particular insight was the role of maturation (simply growing up) in children's increasing capacity to understand their world: they cannot undertake certain tasks until they are psychologically mature enough to do so. His research has spawned a great deal more, much of which has undermined the detail of his own, but like many other original investigators, his importance comes from his overall vision (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). He proposed that children's thinking does not develop entirely smoothly: instead, there are certain points at which it â€Å"takes off† and moves into completely new areas and capabilities.He saw these transitions as taking place at about 18 months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years. This has been taken to mean that before these ages ch ildren are not capable (no matter how bright) of understanding things in certain ways, and has been used as the basis for scheduling the school curriculum (Blumstein, 2003). Whether or not should be the case is a different matter. Most offenders commit crimes during their teen and early adulthood years, and then desist as they approach or enter their 30s. Those who do not desist, the habitual offenders, frequently come under the psychological research microscope.Developmental and biological factors (e. g. , conduct disorders or deficits in neurological hormones) often can predict habitual offending. Although psychologists should be alert to these factors, they must be careful not to assume that children who demonstrate them will become the criminals of tomorrow (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). According to Lombroso, 1972, the habitual criminal was best described as one who entered a lifestyle of crime by way of a number of circumstances. An example of a habitual criminal would be a member of organized crime.Political criminals were distinguished by their violent nature. Most of these violent acts were based on anger, love, or honor. Although these characters displayed great intellect, altruism, religious ideals, and patriotism, they were also thought to be pathological due to their high rates of suicide (Lombroso, 1972). Lombroso generally used the same techniques to classify female offenders as he did males. Although the amount of crime committed by females was much lower than that of males, he believed that females were more ferocious in their acts.Most of his ideas concerning female criminality were based on the idea that they were more like children than males. He believed that they were vengeful, jealous, morally deficient, and predisposed to cruelty (Einstadter & Henry, 1995). Within the field of criminology, developmental theory is closely related to an effort called â€Å"general† theory (Patterson & Yoerger, 1993), although the difference is that genera l theory implies a policy of selective incapacitation (wicked people exist, and all you can do is lock them away) while developmental theory looks for intervention opportunities (e.g. , tipping and turning points, desistence, life-course changes, pathways).The appeal of criminal psychology, as it is presently dominated by the developmental perspective, has the same appeal as most psychodynamic psychology in that it seems to offer all the answers that any criminal, no matter how bad, can be rehabilitated or reformed and that any delinquent, no matter how bad, can be saved from a lifetime of crime (Cullen & Agnew, 2003). Developmental theories describe humans as evolving through certain stages from birth through adulthood.In each of these stages humans are capable of mastering certain things, such as developing empathy or learning to predict the outcome of their actions. If a person stops development due to a trauma or simply fails to progress from one stage of development to the next , that person may remain in a certain stage of development (Dannefer, 1984). Also, developmental theories believe that during each stage of development people learn to act in the world and react to the world in different ways. Again, if a stage is missed or if development stops, a person may never make up the lost time and master the skills learned at a certain stage.Developmental theories find that if a stage of development is missed then a person cannot return to it at a later point in time, it is gone forever (Patterson & Yoerger, 1993). Possible explanations for why people commit habitual offenses is that they may not learn from their mistakes, cannot predict the consequences of their actions, or do not feel empathy for their victims. This makes sense if one considers that under developmental theories a person who did not naturally progress through a certain stage would not develop empathy, self control, or be able to predict the outcome of their actions (Atherton, 2009).These t hings are learned at a specific point in time in childhood. If a person leaves a stage of development without having mastered empathy, the ability to control behavior, or ability to predict consequences, then that person can be seen to easily fall into the trap of becoming a habitual offender. That person lacks the tools necessary to stop their behavior, just like a two year old cannot stop a tantrum. Habitual offenders, like two year olds, may have failed to progress through the self control or empathy stage (Patterson & Yoerger, 1993). Recent developmental theories strongly support typologies of offending.Typological theories classify offenders into different groups (just as group-based modeling does) with each group having its own history of delinquent behavior (Dannefer, 1984). For example, some theories differentiate between life course persistent offenders who start offending early, offend at a high rate, and persist through the life course, and adolescent limited offenders wh o start offending late, offend at a low rate, and desist by the time they emerge into adulthood. Some theories further suggest that the causes of offending vary across groups (Cullen & Agnew, 2003).Peer pressure, for example, may be more relevant for adolescent limited offenders than for life course persistent offenders. Group-based modeling now provides the opportunity to fully explore these ideas and their implications on theory and practice (Dannefer, 1984). Explain the implications that feminist criminology holds for our legal system In feminist theories, individuals attempt to give another dimension to criminology, in the form of gender. The supporters of these theories are for the most part trying to bring a new form of awareness to the way crime is viewed.Instead of focusing on criminals who are male performing crimes against other males, it is argued that criminologists need to investigate more how the female affects this preconceived approach to crime (French, 2006). Many p arties concerned with this type of critical approach to criminology also try to educate other female criminologists. This is important to this group of individuals because too many times, female criminologists will adopt the male perspective and perpetuate the same cycle of applying male concepts on females in the world of crime (Daly, 1997).Developed in the late 1960s and 1970s, feminist criminology addresses the gender distortions and stereotyping of female violators. Politically, feminist criminology draws from Marxist, Liberal, and Socialist schools of thought†¦ but the main point of feminist criminology is to discuss how women came to be in subservient roles to men and how the criminal justice system can address male-biased control theory as it relates to female violators, their punishment, and imprisonment French, 2006). Feminist criminology contains many branches.Liberal, radical, Marxist, and socialist feminism are widely recognized, although other â€Å"strands† exist such as postmodernism and ecofeminism. Most feminist criminology involves critiques about how women offenders have been ignored, distorted, or stereotyped within traditional criminology, but there is no shortage of separate theories and modifications of existing theories. Almost all women criminologists or criminologists of women who examine gender and crime have addressed the â€Å"gender ratio† problem (why women are less likely, and men more likely, to commit crime).Others study the generalizability problem (whether traditional male theories can modify to explain female offending). Most feminists are quick to point out where stereotypical thinking and theoretical dead ends exist, although the main problem complained about in most criminology is the simple fact that gender matters and should not be ignored (French, 2006). Feminist standpoint theory asserts that human materiality, the biological, physical activities, and possessions, shape the way knowledge is formed and delineates the inequalities of patriarchal thought (Gelsthorpe, 1997).If crime is seen as an act of aggression, and men are biologically characterized for their aggressive nature than not only is criminal theory male centered, so is the criminal practice. If society accepts that men are predisposed to aggression, which leads to crime, then women are socialized as passive actors and consequently many times the victimized. The implications for women are their sense of powerlessness and far reaching dependency upon men (Daly, 1997). The masculinity of the victim as it is depicted through criminal theory and public observation has altered the ways in which particular crimes are addressed.Rape crimes and domestic crimes are predominantly male perpetrated and female inflicted. The victim of assault is viewed by different standards when gender questions are involved. The realists define assault as strictly a coercive act committed in the street, in a public house or any other public ve nue (French, 2006)). Domestic violence, however, is not a form of assault despite the fact that it is the form of assault most likely to occur to a woman (Naffine, 1996).Domestic violence is given a special class of victimization, â€Å"public assault (which a man is most likely to experience) is the standard case; domestic violence is the complication†. Women never appear as more than a special instance of victimization (Naffine, 1996). This sexist interpretation of crime and law is just one example of the discrimination played out against women assumed by fault of women's designation to the private sphere and men's role in the public sphere.The definition of crime related to sexual acts is not consensually agreed on by men and women (Gelsthorpe, 1997). The legal definition of prostitution, pornography, domestic abuse, and rape is not proved by the harm inflicted to women, rather man's understanding of those acts, â€Å"The place of women in realist criminology is deeply tr aditional. Women are there to receive special protection, because they are considered vulnerable to crime, but their experiences are never allowed to set the defining conditions of the realist project†(Naffine, 1996).Liberal feminism operates within the existing social structures to draw attention to women's issues, promote women's rights, increase women's opportunities, and transform women's roles in society. Radical feminism looks at how women came to occupy subservient roles in the first place, what male power consists of, and how societies themselves can be transformed (French, 2006). Marxist feminism ties patriarchy or male privilege into the economic structure of capitalism, as when female offenders are sentenced for property or sexual crimes (by threatening male dominance of property relationships or male control of women's bodies).Socialist feminism offers ideas about more equitable roles for women as sex providers, child bearers, nursemaids, and homemakers, so that th ey can take their rightful place in society (Naffine, 1996). Postmodern feminism substitutes language production for economic production and studies how discourse and male-dominated thinking is used to set women apart (Gelsthorpe, 1997). What are the implications that critical criminology brings to society?While criminology is the scientific study of the interactions that inherently occur between criminals and the public or the criminal elements and society, critical criminology is slightly different. This concept of criminology has a solid foundation in the belief that a singular crime is considered to be criminal due to the historical and social beliefs at the time (Hirschi, 1969). For example, one famous illustration of this is that homosexuality was considered to be illegal for individuals in the United Kingdom. This type of interaction between individuals was declared legal for men over 21, but this was not until 1967.Since there is nothing within the act that changed over the years, the only thing that changed was the judicial government at the time and what they believed was morally right or wrong. Overall, there is nothing deemed inherently wrong about the act itself. One of the main questions that individuals interested in critical criminology need to ask themselves whether or not an act is a crime because it is wrong or whether it is merely a crime because someone with the elected power decided to make it so (Taylor, Walton, & Young, 1973).Critical criminology brings theories and paradigms of understanding about deviance and crime against our society at a particular time. These theories and paradigms are frameworks for understanding why people deviate from societal norms, how our society decides what is deviant and what is not at a particular time, and how individuals, groups, and society might prevent, deter, and/or punish violators based on past, present, and future societal controls (Cloward & Ohlin, 1960).An example would be that prior to the tur n of the 20th century, drugs like opium and cocaine were legal and unregulated in the United States. Critical criminology focuses on how societal norms change, as did attitudes about drugs and the behavior that their use may or may not have caused. Many theorists agree that making most drugs like marijuana and others, illegal in the 1960s, societal attitudes about their use had changed to a point where laws were ratified and enforced as a means of social control of those using the drugs, namely the sub-cultures and Hippies.In this example, certain crimes are considered deviant behavior because certain groups in society say they are. â€Å"Critical criminologists tend to claim that conventional criminology theories fail to ‘lay bare the structural inequalities which underpin the processes through which laws are created and enforced' (Taylor, Walton, & Young, 1973) and that ‘deviancy and criminality' is ‘shaped by society's larger structure of power and institutions ' (Cloward & Ohlin, 1960)Criminologists have long sought to establish causal links between the prevailing economic conditions and the level of criminality in existence in society at any given time and have rightly described how inequality the widening gap between the ‘haves’ and the ‘have-nots’ is probably a significant measure of how criminogenic a society is likely to become.There has, however, been hardly any research conducted in recent years to examine the most obvious criminological reality: namely, that we should see the crime explosion of the past twenty years as the direct outcome of the neoliberal political economy with the reality that much of the crime we are currently experiencing has its origins in business deregulation. Thus, it is not simply a question of how crime might rise in such circumstances, but rather how it is that these circumstances have already created the crimes that have brought devastation to whole swathes of our towns and cit ies (Hall, Winlow & Ancrum, 2008).Within critical criminology, there are a number of theories that have been formed. Conflict theories were never very popular within the United States, in part due to the fact that during the late 1970’s, when critical criminology was more popular, there were many criminology departments that were closed due to political reasons (Taylor, Walton, & Young, 1973). Other critical criminologists were concerned that conflict theories did not properly address the different issues that faced society.Critics of conflict theories that exist in criminology maintain that these individuals ignored some important differences in the level of criminal activities between socialist and capitalist societies. Japan and Switzerland are two countries that are socialist in nature, but they have extremely low rates of crime in their countries, as compared to capitalist societies like the United States of America (Hall, Winlow & Ancrum, 2008). ConclusionCognitive deve lopment typically refers to age-related changes in knowledge and acts of knowing, such as perceiving, remembering, problem solving, reasoning, and understanding. The development of cognition is studied most frequently in infants, children, and adolescents, where changes often are relatively rapid and striking. Many researchers also study cognitive development in aging adults, in children and adults during recovery of function following brain damage, and in a variety of species other than humans.In feminist theories, individuals attempt to allow another dimension to criminology, in the shape of gender. The supporters of those theories are for the foremost half trying to bring a new kind of awareness to the method crime is viewed. Instead of focusing on criminals who are male performing crimes against different males, it is argued that criminologists want to research a lot of how the feminine affects this preconceived approach to crime.Several parties involved with this sort of import ant approach to criminology conjointly strive to educate other female criminologists. This is necessary to the current group of individuals as a result of too many times, feminine criminologists can adopt the male perspective and perpetuate the same cycle of applying male ideas on females in the planet of crime. Critical criminology, also called radical criminology, shares with conflict criminology a debt to Marxism. It came into prominence in the early 1970s and attempted to explain contemporary social upheavals.Critical criminology relies on economic explanations of behavior and argues that economic and social inequalities cause criminal behavior. It focuses less on the study of individual criminals, and advances the belief that existing crime cannot be eliminated within the capitalist system. It also asserts, like the conflict school, that law has an inherent bias in favor of the upper or ruling class, and that the state and its legal system exist to advance the interests of the ruling class.

Consumer Behavior Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Consumer Behavior - Research Paper Example This can be seen in the way that films and cinema in general are advertised to induce consumers or groups of consumers to listen to specific points of view about the films, while blocking out other views (Walters 19). This paper seeks to focus on three theories of the media’s effect on consumer behavior. These are two step flow theory, hypodermic needle theory, and cultivation theory. These theories will be considered alongside how they affect cinemagoers. The hypodermic needle theory is also referred to as the magic bullet theory. This theoretical model implies that mass media portends a powerful, immediate, and direct effect on audiences (East et al 121). This was especially so in the 40s and 50s, during which cinema attendances were at their peak, and several factors contributed to the media’s strong effects during this period. First, television and radio saw a fast rise and increased popularity among consumers. In addition, the persuasion industry, which consists of propaganda and advertising, also saw an increase in use. This theory contends that it is possible for mass media to influence a large and diverse group in society through uniformly â€Å"injecting† them with specific and appropriate messages to trigger the response they desire (East et al 122). In the cinema industry, this theory suggests a direct and powerful informational flow between the sender and the receiver. It graphically suggests whatever message the cinema company sends out is the bullet that is fired from the media that takes the place of a gun into the mind of the consumer (East et al 122). The hypodermic needle analogy is used to show how the messages from the media are directly injected into a passive consumer base, whose opinions are immediately influenced by the implied message. In this case, the media communicates an idea about a film that is consumed by the audience who have no power to resist message’s impact (East et al 122). This theory was especi ally relevant during the 40s and 50s when film critics did not yet have a way to get their opinions out to the public efficiently. However, with the advent of the internet, this theory does not have as much effect on studying film consumer behavior because the audience has a way to validate the message they are getting from the media (East et al 123). However, in this model, the cinema-goers have no way to escape the message’s effects, which means that the message the cinema company puts across about their film will be taken as the truth. The audience is passive and has a lot of information â€Å"injected† into them. This gets to the point that they end up believing what they are told about a specific film because they do not have another information source from which to get information. However, this theory has seen less impact with the emergence of film critics and their role as opinion leaders. The two-step flow theory states that media indirectly affects consumers through the influence of opinion leaders. Most people, including cinemagoers, are influenced second-hand by media via opinion leaders and their personal influence. This theoretical model contends that opinion leaders in the media affect the manner in which consumers will form their behavior (Weimann 98). These opinion leaders are first exposed to media content, which they then interpret according to their personal opinion. These opinions then infiltrate the general public consumers

Zero Hour Contracts in the Hospitality Industry Essay

Zero Hour Contracts in the Hospitality Industry - Essay Example Observably, this sort of contract is argued to possess both negatives and positives influencing the commitment levels of both the employer and the employee and hence, affecting organisational efficiency at large. However, such contract accompanies with aspects including lack of job and financial security for the employees and lack of availability of skilled and loyal staff for the company. With due considerations to all these aspects, certain recommendations have been made to Hyatt Regency London when applying the policy of zero-hour contract. The Policy Background The policy depicted in this briefing is based on the concept of ‘Zero-Hour’ Contracts. As the name itself suggests, ‘Zero-Hour’ Contracts is a type of employment contract that is usually used in the UK in compliance with the Employment Rights Act of 1996 of the country. Basically, this contract is drawn in a written format, where it contains a statement regarding the terms and conditions of employ ment built amid an employer and an employee. Under such contracts, an employer does not guarantee an employee to provide work and pays for the work that is actually being done. In precise, the contract provides right to the employers that enables them to take a call on staffs when they are not needed and does not pay them for that duration, which further makes the entire process a time-efficient one. It has recently been one of the major issues and a component of extensive debate worldwide. It can be considered as a rising issue in various sectors of business including the hospitality industry owing to the fact that it regarded as an approach, which employers find attractive as it is quite a cost saving measure. In the hospitality sector, companies are therefore observed to be recruiting staff members on the basis of ‘Zero-Hour’ Contracts. However, it is deemed that the aspect of ‘Zero-Hour ’ Contracts is not quite a profitable prospect for the employees as it is for the employers in the UK hotel industry, as they are only entitled for salary nominal payment for the period they actually worked for the business with no financial security. Moreover, the concept of ‘Zero-Hour ’ Contracts is also seem to be violating some of the key employment rights that further make it a serious issue altogether (Grice, 2013; ACAS, 2012). Since, the concept has certain major advantages and loopholes at the same time; its extensive implementation has become quite uncertain and a major point of discussion, which further presents it as a major issue in the modern day context. As addressed above, the policy of ‘Zero-Hour’ Contracts has major impacts on both the employer and the employees as the major stakeholders of the policy issue. Owing to this contract, employers are entitled to be benefited with greater flexibility to meet the demands of the customers. It also reduces cost of the company as very little has to be spent on emplo yee recruitment and training. Furthermore, as per the contract, employees will be able to get flexible hours to maintain a better work-life balance. These aspects encourage many to support the concept. While the opposers to the policy issue argue upon certain facts including violations of employment rights and salary payment approach under such contracts (Grice, 2013; ACAS, 2012; Barnett & Scrope, 2008). Assessment of the Debate to Date The concept of Zero-Hour ’ Contracts has become an importance topic of debate all over the world, especially in the hospitality

Slavery Like A Social Vice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Slavery Like A Social Vice - Essay Example The victimization that included inhumane treatments and subjection to intense maltreatments were the abject manifestation of disregard to the fundamental rights of the people. The groups did not enjoy any liberty as the slave owners treated them as part of their property. They endured punitive jobs in callous conditions in order to sustain the profitability the white capitalists demanded from their investments. Slavery further led to the seclusion of the African Americans and the subsequent discrimination of the group. The cruel treatment of the African Americans influenced their mindset of the whites and cruelty the minority group expressed against the whites in retaliation. The post-slavery American society relied on the integration of all the races that make up the American society. The new American society required the participation and contribution of all the tribes since the government could not develop a mechanism of transferring the slaves back to their native lands. This imp lied that they would become Americans a feature that required their seamless incorporation into the society. This would however not happen easily owing to the negative attitude that the African Americans among other smaller populations that served as slaves developed against the whites. The African Americans did not feel the sense of belongingness for a long time even after the successful abolition of slavery owing to the negativity they accumulated over the slavery period and the cruelty they endured in the hands of the whites.

Operations Management Issues at ABC Manufacturers Term Paper

Operations Management Issues at ABC Manufacturers - Term Paper Example The ROI is at 30% after taxes, based on the asking price. It is expected that these numbers could be even higher, based on preliminary marketing projections. However, ABC has several operational issues that need to be addressed prior to the purchase. The following will discuss these operational issues and will outline a plan for rectifying them. Understanding Solar Water Heaters. In order to perform a proper assessment of the market and opportunities that lie in the Solar Hot Water Heater market, it is important to gain an understanding of how they work and the various types that are available on the market. Solar hot water heating systems include storage tanks and solar collectors. Compared to other types of hot water heating systems, they pay for themselves overtime as the customer saves money by not purchasing an alternate fuel source. Solar systems use solar energy from the sun, which is free. The initial cost is paid back over time, after which the cost for the unit is free, oth er than for repairs. The decision to install a solar hot water heater has a high initial cost that represents a longer-term investment in which its payback is sometime in the future. There are three different types of collector systems for solar water heating units. The first type is the flat-plate collector, which consists of a weatherproofed, insulated box. Inside the box is a dark absorber plat that is under one or more glass or plexiglass panels. The absorber plate itself can be either metal or polymer. The integral collector-storage system has one or more black tanks or tubes in and insulated glazed box. In this system, the solar hot water heater acts as a pre-heater, warming the water before it passes through a conventional system. The third type of solar water heater is the evacuated-tube solar collector. This type of system uses parallel rows of glass tubes. These tubes contain a glass outer tube and a metal absorber tube attached to a fin. The fin absorbs solar energy, but prevents radiant heat loss. The evacuated-tube system is used in a commercial setting. Most residential systems are either the flat-plate collector type, or the integral collector-storage system. Circulation systems can be either direct or indirect systems. The direct system pumps water through the collectors and into the house. They are used in climates that do not experience freezing temperatures. The indirect heating system circulates non-freezing heat-transfer fluid through the colle