How to Write a Sociological Paper Effectively

How to Write a Sociology Paper

Building Bridges For Environmentalists The Role Of...

Jody Chinchen PSY 513 November 21, 2014 Final Draft Building Bridges for Environmentalists: The Role of Diversity in the Environmental Movement Introduction Environmentalism has long been accused of being a condition of the affluent – a veritable luxury of the first world condition, despite a resounding deficiency of empirical data to support this assumption. A number of studies countering this point of view are being disseminated, potentially dismantling these postulations (Brechin 1999; Fairbrother 2012; Ignatow 2006; Mart’inez-Alier and Alier 2012), though the cultural disparity explaining a wide variety of environmentalist concerns remains difficult to explain (Brechin 1999), albeit important. Understanding commonalities, more so than polarities, will prove invaluable as we enter an era of globalization and face increased conflict over resource scarcity. A unified approach to solving environmental issues is imperative. This paper will examine the social constructions of environmentalism in the context of building and reinforcing environmental values. Kevin Archer, in Social Constructions of the Environment, states: â€Å"Environmental issues†¦ are considered†¦ combined social and natural phenomena, neither wholly natural nor wholly social in origin or substance. Thus, environmental issues, problems and conditions should be studied as such if they are to be successfully identified, analyzed and resolved† (2012:1). This paper seeks to examine more thoroughly this concept ofShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Internet in Cultural Globalization3579 Words   |  14 Pagesï » ¿The Role of Internet in Cultural Globalization Introduction At this point of time, globalization  has grown to be a phenomenon that is significantly important economically, politically, and culturally. The amalgamation and incorporation of the world economy around the globe has reshaped business. Not only this, it has created new social classes, different jobs, unimaginable wealth, and, occasionally, wretched poverty (Kiggundu 2002, p. 4) by restructuring the lives of the individuals. For someRead MoreThe Holy River of India-River Ganges9512 Words   |  39 Pagestossing and foaming as they rush vertically down, with pine, deodar and oak trees on its banks. Rishikesh- This is one of the most holiest places for Hindus. It is a maze of temples, ashrams and ghats, a haven for sadhus, yogis and gurus. The famous bridge across the Ganga - LAKSHMAN – JHOOLA meaning the swing built by Lakshman across the river to help his brother Ram cross it, is seen here. Haridwar- is in Uttar Pradesh State, India. Hardwar is an ancient town on the River Ganges, located betweenRead MoreImpact Of The World Trade Organization ( Wto ) On The Environment Essay5898 Words   |  24 PagesFew environmentalists have positive things to say on the impact of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the environment. WTO legal obligations are frequently cited as the most significant impediment to a range of environmental initiatives, including notably meaningful international coordination to combat climate change, particularly through carbon tax initiatives, and imposition of electronic waste disposal export bans. In this vein, adverse findings of WTO dispute panels on environmental conservationRead MoreNature and Scope of Marketing Ethics6686 Words   |  27 Pagesof the basic principles have been codified as laws and regulations to require marketers to conform to society’s expectations of conduct, marketing ethics goes beyond legal and regulatory issues. E thical marketing practices and principles are core building blocks in establishing trust, which help build long-term marketing relationships. In addition, the boundary-spanning nature of marketing (i.e. sales, advertising, and distribution) presents many of the ethical issues faced in business today. BothRead MoreKenyan Tourism Industry11160 Words   |  45 Pagesopportunities for the future. It is envisaged as leading to the management of all resources in such a way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs can be fulfilled while maintaining cultural integrity, essential ecological processes, biological diversity and life support systems. Sustainability, sustainable tourism and sustainable development are all wellestablished terms that have been used loosely and often interchangeably in literature. To get a unambiguous view of sustainable tourism, its imperativeRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesSelf-Awareness 45 Managing Personal Stress 105 Solving Problems Analytically and Creatively 167 PART II 4 5 6 7 INTERPERSONAL SKILLS 232 233 Building Relationships by Communicating Supportively Gaining Power and Influence 279 Motivating Others 323 Managing Conflict 373 PART III GROUP SKILLS 438 8 Empowering and Delegating 439 9 Building Effective Teams and Teamwork 489 10 Leading Positive Change 533 PART IV SPECIFIC COMMUNICATION SKILLS 590 591 Supplement A Making Oral andRead MoreLidl Norway30015 Words   |  121 Pages  Norwegian   grocery  market,  because  of  their  low  prices  and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"exotic†Ã‚  products.  Some  will  tell  you  that   they  never  shopped  there,  because  they  didn’t  want  to  support  a  foreign  company  that   ignored  the  labor  unions,  build  large  and  unattractive  buildings  in  their  towns,  only  had   unfamiliar   food   in   the   shelves   and   who   sent   the   profit   out   of   the   country.   If   you   ask   Norwegians   why   Lidl   failed   in   Norway,   many   will   argue   that   Lidl   did   not   fulfill   the   Norwegian  shoppersRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesPeasnell, Geoffrey Whittington, and  ´ David Tweedie as it has from the eminence grise of the profession itself. And even in auditing, significant roles have been played by Professors Peter Bird, David Flint, and Peter Moizer amongst others. Indeed it is possible to argue that the British academic accounting professoriate has played an extremely important role in mediating between the profession and the state, both bringing knowledge to bear on policy issues and providing a cadre of people who can operateRead MoreInternational Management67196 Words   |  269 Pagessaw their economies stagnate or decline. The global political environment remains volatile and uncertain, with ongoing conflicts in the Middle East and Africa and continuing tensions in Iran, North Korea, Iraq, and Afghanistan, especially as the U.S. role in these latter two countries evolves. On the economic front, failure to conclude important trade agreements, including the so-called â€Å"Development† Round of multilateral trade negotiations under the World Trade Organization, and the lag ging supportRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagestheir situation within the domestic sphere and the conditions under which they labored to expand the career opportunities available to them at different times and in diverse settings. She places special emphasis on the important but often overlooked roles they played in politics, particularly those associated with resistance movements, and their contributions to arts and letters worldwide. Drawing on the essay collections and series on women in world history that she has edited over the past decade

Professional Goal Essay Example For Students

Professional Goal Essay The Goal by Eliyahu M. Goldratt, is the story of a man who at his crossroads,and what direction he decides to take. The story is about a plant manager namedAlex Rogo. We find Alex six months into his first plant managers position atUniCo, in the UniWare Division. The plant is located in BearingtonMassachusetts, where Alex grew up. UniCo is definitely a manufacturing plant,what they manufacture, I still do not know. The story begins when Alexssupervisor, Bill Peach, comes into the plant and nearly turns everything upsidedown. After Alex puts out all of the fires that Bill had set, they sit down inAlexs office and talk. Bill tells Alex that production has gone down in thesix months that Alex has been at the helms, and an irate customer, BuckyBurnside, has an order that is fifty-six days overdue, and Alex must get thatorder shipped before anything else. Bill also says that if the plant does notturn around in the next three months, he will make a recommendation to close theplant. A few d ays later, Alex hears more of the same at a corporate meeting andfigures out why Bill was upset. After the meeting Alex reaches for something andcomes across a cigar he received from a chance encounter from and old physicisthe knew from his college days. While waiting for in between flights at OHare,Alex wandered into an airport and found himself sitting next to the physicistnamed Jonah who worked on mathematical models while he was an undergraduateengineering student. Alex and Jonah start talking, and Alex mentions he is goingto speak at a seminar. His topic is Robotics: Solution for the 80s toAmericas Productivity Crisis. Alex tells Jonah that his plant has morerobots than any other plant in the division. Jonah is not very impressed. Jonahasks how much productivity has improved because of the use of the robots. Alexanswers that there is a 36% improvement in one area. Jonah then asks if theplant is making 36% more money because the plant is using robots? Well, ofcourse not is the r esponse. Just the one department is producing 36% more. Jonahcontinues the conversation and admits that he has been studying manufacturingprocesses. He asks Alex what productivity is and ends up explaining trueproductivity is accomplishing something in terms of your goal. Alex cannot evendetermine the goal of his company at this point. Jonah tells him to think aboutit and leaves. Back at the meeting, Alex hears talk about measurements ofefficiencies, productivity, and cost per price, etc. He is not even sure whatproductivity is, so he decides to bail out at lunch to head back to the plant. His trip to the plant is interrupted by a pizza pie and a six pack of beer. Alexgoes to a hill overlooking the plant and spends the rest of the afternooncontemplating what he is going to do over the next three months, and whatexactly productivity is. He spends the entire afternoon thinking about thegoal and finally comes up with the answer: The goal of the company is to makemoney, and everything else they do is a means of achieving the goal. Once Alexfigures out what the goal of the company is, he decides to get a hold of Jonahto learn more about productivity. Alex spends the night at his mothers housetrying to contact Jonah, until he finally does at 2 a.m., with Jonah in London. Jonah explains to Alex that an action towards the goal is productive, and anaction away from the goal is unproductive. He also gives Alex three newmeasurements: Throughput, the rate at which the system generates money throughsales. Inventory, all the money that the system invested in purchasing thingswhich it intends to sell. And finally, Operational Expense, all the money thatthe system spends in order to turn input into throughput. To make money, Alexmust increase throughput while simultaneously reducing the inventory andoperating expense. Alex goes back to the plant and realizes he needs a lot moreof Jonahs advice. Jonah agrees to meet Alex in New York over breakfast for anhour. They start to discuss the idea of a balanced plant. Traditionalmanufacturing goals are always to run a balanced plant, where the capacity ofeach and every resource is balanced exactly with the demand from the market. .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc , .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc .postImageUrl , .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc , .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc:hover , .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc:visited , .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc:active { border:0!important; } .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc:active , .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u033bb4146984b1e28c8980e4b55dbafc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child Observation Report EssayBut, Jonah points out, the

Outline and Evaluate Research Into Types of Attachment free essay sample

Outline and evaluate research into types of attachment. Ainsworth conducted a study to observe types of attachment behaviours with occur between a mother and a child. She used observation to witness these behaviours. By placing the child in a set up play room with one way glass allowed natural behaviour to be observed without interference from the psychologist. Ainsworth used several situations including a mother a child and a stranger. Firstly the mother and the child entered the room, the child was free to explore whilst the mother sat on a chair and read a magazine, a stranger enters and sits next to the mother, they engage in conversation. The mother leaves, and the child is left alone with the stranger who shall comfort and play with the child. The mother then re-enters, and the stranger leaves. The mother then also leaves, and the child is left alone. The stranger re-enters and the mother re-enter shortly after, and then the stranger leaves again. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline and Evaluate Research Into Types of Attachment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A problem with the study is it lacks ecological validity; the child may have reacted differently in settings they were familiar with, an example being their own home. The child could already be anxious due to strange surroundings and unusual behaviour by the mother, therefore leading to higher chances of stranger anxiety and other stressful behaviour. Ainsworth in her study found three types of behaviour, these were Type A – Insecure avoidant, Type B – secure and Type C – Insecure resistant. Type A showed the child being upset when mother left the room, but did not seek comfort when she returned and showed little stranger anxiety. Whereas in Type B the child used the mother as a safe base and was free to explore when she was around, showed distress when she left but still seeked comfort when she returned and showed stranger anxiety. Differently in Type C, the child’s behaviour alternated between wanting comfort and wanting space, and appeared to be angry. The psychologist did not follow all the ethical guidelines in this experiment, the child was put under great stress with the mother leaving and returning, and also in the presence of a stranger, upset the child and made it upset. The psychologist must control this by lowering the stressful situations for the child and finding alternatives. Although they did get full consent as mother of the child took part within the study, which made the situation less stressful and made the child more comfortable. Ainsworth study also lacks the explanation of relationships between fathers and siblings, the child may act differently with different people and this lacks validity as it is not a measure of general attachment.

Free Essays on The New Muslim Dynasty

The new Muslim dynasty This paper will include the Safavids, Ottomans, and the Mughals, all of which were a part of the Islamic Empire. It will also show how crucial leadership was to the dynasties and how similar they were to each other. These three dynasties were very similar to each other in the way that they ruled and lived. They also both declined in the eighteenth Century. The military leaders had a dominant role in the Ottoman state, a policy geared towards war and expansion. The Turckic horseman became a warrior aristocracy supported by control of conquered land and peasants. When their power shrank before that of an expanding central bureaucracy, they built up regional power bases. The Mongol invasion of the 13th and 14th centuries destroyed theoretical Muslim unity. The Abbasid and many regional dynasties were crushed. Three new Muslim dynasties arose to bring a new flowering to Islamic Civilization. The greatest, which was the Ottoman Empire, reached its peak in the 17th century. To the East the Safavids ruled in Persia and Afghanistan, and the Mughals ruled much of India. Together, the three empires possessed great military and political power, they also produced and artistic and cultural renaissance within Islam. They contributed to the spread of Islam to new regions. All three dynasties originated from Turkic nomadic cultures, and each possess ed religious fervor and zeal for conversion. They built empires through military conquest based upon the effective use of fire arms. Each was ruled by and absolute monarch and drew revenues from taxation of agrarian populations. Though, it should be noted that there were differences. The Mughals ruled mostly non-Muslim peoples, the Safavids mostly Muslims, and the Ottomans a mixture of Muslims and Christians. The Safavids were Shia muslims; the others were Sunni. The Safavids, much like the Ottomans, recruited captured slaves children into the army and bureacracy. They were ver... Free Essays on The New Muslim Dynasty Free Essays on The New Muslim Dynasty The new Muslim dynasty This paper will include the Safavids, Ottomans, and the Mughals, all of which were a part of the Islamic Empire. It will also show how crucial leadership was to the dynasties and how similar they were to each other. These three dynasties were very similar to each other in the way that they ruled and lived. They also both declined in the eighteenth Century. The military leaders had a dominant role in the Ottoman state, a policy geared towards war and expansion. The Turckic horseman became a warrior aristocracy supported by control of conquered land and peasants. When their power shrank before that of an expanding central bureaucracy, they built up regional power bases. The Mongol invasion of the 13th and 14th centuries destroyed theoretical Muslim unity. The Abbasid and many regional dynasties were crushed. Three new Muslim dynasties arose to bring a new flowering to Islamic Civilization. The greatest, which was the Ottoman Empire, reached its peak in the 17th century. To the East the Safavids ruled in Persia and Afghanistan, and the Mughals ruled much of India. Together, the three empires possessed great military and political power, they also produced and artistic and cultural renaissance within Islam. They contributed to the spread of Islam to new regions. All three dynasties originated from Turkic nomadic cultures, and each possess ed religious fervor and zeal for conversion. They built empires through military conquest based upon the effective use of fire arms. Each was ruled by and absolute monarch and drew revenues from taxation of agrarian populations. Though, it should be noted that there were differences. The Mughals ruled mostly non-Muslim peoples, the Safavids mostly Muslims, and the Ottomans a mixture of Muslims and Christians. The Safavids were Shia muslims; the others were Sunni. The Safavids, much like the Ottomans, recruited captured slaves children into the army and bureacracy. They were ver...

Social Networks in Modern Business

Social Networks in Modern Business Introduction In recent past, social networking has been on the rise. Many companies and individuals have embraced use of social networks because of their many benefits. For example, companies are using social networks to interact with customers.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Social Networks in Modern Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many companies have successfully used social networks to improve their understanding of the modern marketplace (Jue and Kassotakis 45). For example, Del Monte uses social networks to reach out to its customers in a process referred to as customer intimacy (Rainer and Ceglieski 160). The company has developed three platforms to facilitate communication and interaction with customers. Social networks are beneficial to both individuals and companies. However, they have several disadvantages that limit their reliability and efficiency. Disadvantages include exposure of data to security risks, possible reduction in employee performance, reduced ability to monitor employees, and reduced organizational efficiency and productivity. Advantages of social networks Social networks have many advantages that have resulted in increased demand and use. They provide information, enable businesses do things in new and more efficient ways, facilitate communication, and enhance collaboration (Jue and Kassotakis 55). Common social media tools that organizations and individuals use include Twitter, Facebook, blogs, MySpace, and others that allow free interaction with customers. Social intranets area common aspect of communication in many organizations. Many organizations sue them as a tool for internal communication.Advertising Looking for assessment on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social networks transform computers into reliable and efficient sources of information. As such, in dividuals can access information from numerous sources on the internet. On the other hand, companies and individuals can conduct research because adequate information is available on different topics and disciplines (Haigh 77). Availability of adequate and relevant information has transformed ways in which organizations conduct business. Reliability of social networks is the main reason why many organizations choose them as primary sources of information. In addition, retrieval of information is fast and cost-effective (Haigh 78). In olden days, organizations hired research companies to collect information from customers. However, with advent of social networks, organizations collect first hand information from customers through social networking services such as Facebook, Twitter, and MySpace. Another advantage of social networks is that they facilitate communication (Rainer and Ceglieski 167). They promote communication channels such as chat rooms, emails, call centres, and voice messages that reduce costs of operations. A study conducted on more than 290 organizations located in America, Asia, and Europe found out that more than half of them rely on use of social intranets for communication within the organization (Rainer and Ceglieski 169). Among them, the most common social networking tool used was instant messaging. It was used by 77 percent of surveyed organizations. Other commonly used tools included streaming audio and video.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Social Networks in Modern Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the study found out that even though many organizations use social networking tools for internal communication, their use among employees is still poor. In many organizations, social media is used to facilitate communication between employees, and team members. It has been used for top-down communication between employees and management. For example, blogging promotes communication between employees and managers in organizations that have large teams of employees (Rainer and Ceglieski 169). One advantage of use of social networks is because many of them do not compromise privacy. In addition, communication between employees and managers promotes effective organizational dialogue between different levels in an organization (Jue and Kassotakis 58). Another advantage of using social networks for communication in organizations is enhancement of relationships and efficiency. It is easy for employees to give their ideas, opinions, and feedback regarding any organizational mater without fear of victimization by supervisors or managers (Haigh 81). For example, during a crisis, communication between different levels of an organization is quick and effective in solving the crisis. Social networks support new ways of conducting business (Rainer and Ceglieski 160). For example, they support new ways of marketing and advertising, supply chai n management, customer service, and human resource management.Advertising Looking for assessment on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More New methods of conducting business enable organizations and businesses develop competitive advantage strategies that enhance survival in the highly volatile and uncertain modern business environment (Haigh 41). For example, many organizations save a lot of money that was traditionally used to advertise products by using social networks. Instead of conducting expensive marketing and advertisement, organizations rely on social networks to share experiences with customer on certain products introduced in the market (Haigh 44). In addition, customers share information regarding products and companies on social networks. This serves as an efficient marketing strategy for many organizations. On the other hand, many organizations use social networks to build their corporate images. For example, organizations use twitter to share short messages with customers on their corporate social responsibility activities and projects (Jue and Kassotakis 61). These messages improve the images of organi zations thus attracting and more customers and investors. In addition, they have introduced a new business paradigm that is necessary in the social media era. Companies and organizations that were little known have become famous in many areas because of use of social networks. They facilitate use of new communication methods, new ways of developing relationships between managers and employees, and facilitate new ways of solving organizational problems and challenges. Many organizations embrace use of social networks because they promote open communication, strong relationships, and transparency among employees and employers (Jue and Kassotakis 63). Finally, social networks facilitate collaboration between employees in achievement of organizational goal and objectives (Rainer and Ceglieski 168). Social networks have made collaboration between virtual teams easy. Teams in different locations can conduct virtual meetings and perform certain tasks together. This has contributed to cost reduction and proper use of time by organizations (Rainer and Ceglieski 168). For example, social networks facilitate crowd sourcing, which is a new concept that has improved efficiency and productivity of many organizations. Disadvantages of social networks Social networks have disadvantages that limit their reliability and usefulness. They include feelings of isolation from other employees, lack of socialization, reduced chances of promotion at the workplace, and exposure of data to online fraudsters (Golden 48). Many organizations conduct many business activities on social networks. Activities such as research, marketing, human resource management, and recruitment are now conducted through social networks. Therefore, employees spend a lot of time online interacting with customers and potential employees. This has reduced physical interaction and as a result created a feeling of isolation in employees (Dahln, Lange, and Smith 83). It is important for employees to feel that they ar e part of an organization and corporate culture. However, social network have widened the gap and facilitated development of isolated work environments that have affected employees adversely. There is no physical contact between employees and customers or potential employees. This has reduced socialization because many activities and tasks are executed virtually. Socialization between employees is one of the most important aspect of improving employee performance and productivity. However, social networks promote virtual socialization that does not offer benefits of social interaction. In traditional marketing, employees interacted physically with customers. This was a very effective way of convincing customers because employees could use emotions to connect with customers (Dahln, Lange, and Smith 85). In contrast, social networks do not facilitate emotional connection between employees and customers, which is an important marketing strategy (Haigh 47). Even though successful, use o f social networks has reduced effectiveness s of certain organizational activities. Use of social networks has reduced employee monitoring. Therefore, it is difficult for an employer to promote an employee because social networks do not facilitate measurement of employee performance. In addition, employees may lose certain benefits and be subject to lower remuneration (Dahln, Lange, and Smith 84). This is because social networks have made execution of tasks easier and faster. For example, employees do not need to travel or make phone calls to convince customers to buy their products. These activities are conducted online through social networks. Employee monitoring is important in order to measure employee performance and productivity, parameters that are used to promote and demote employees (Dahln, Lange, and Smith 88). However, these activities have become difficult with advent of social networks in organizations because managers cannot monitor employees virtually. Another disadva ntage of social networks is threat to data security. Sustained use of social networks exposes an organization’s data to risk of compromise (Golden 50). With absence of fraudsters on the internet, companies risk losing data that could be used to compromise their operations. Many rival organizations hire fraudsters to obtain data illegally form companies that rely on social networks to perform organizational activities. For example, marketing and strategic data of organizations may be obtained from social networks during interaction between managers and employees. In most cases, data and useful information is compromised in cases where competition is stiff between organizations or companies. Certain organizations hack into databases of other organizations and obtain information that helps them gain competitive advantage in the market. In addition, information on customer and marketing strategies could be used to compete with companies that dominate certain markets. Use of socia l networks makes it difficult for employers to monitor employees (Dahln, Lange, and Smith 86). This may lead to poor performance and low productivity. In addition, cost of purchasing, installing, and maintaining technological gadgets is high. Additional costs arise from training employees on ways of using social networks effectively in order to achieve organizational goals and objectives in desired ways (Dahln, Lange, and Smith 87). Conclusion Social networking has introduced new business concepts in the field of communication that have benefited organizations and individuals. Social networks are used for communication and information retrieval. In addition, they allow organizations do business in new ways. They present cost-effective ways of doing business such as cheap marketing and advertisement. Organizations save a lot of money by avoiding traditional methods of marketing and advertisement by focusing on marketing and advertising using tools availed by social networks. However, they have disadvantages too. They contribute to low employee performance, increase costs of operations, create a feeling of isolation in employees, and expose organizations’ data to online fraudsters. For example, rival companies hack into each other’s databases and gain access to useful information that enables them gain competitive advantage over each other. Dahln, Micael, Lange, Fredrik, and Smith Terry. Marketing Communications: A Brand  Narrative Approach. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2007. Print. Golden, Michelle. Social Media Strategies for Professionals and Their Firms: The Guide  to Establishing Credibility and Accelerating Relationships. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2010. Print. Haigh, Paul. Social Network Websites: Their Benefits and Risks. New York: Optimus Education eBooks, 2009. Print. Jue, Arthur, and Kassotakis Mary. Social Media at Work: How Networking Tools Propel  Organizational Performance. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2003. Print. Rainer, Robe rt, and Ceglieski Casey. Introduction to Information Systems: Enabling  and Transforming Business. New York: John Wiley Sons, 2010. Print.

Military Personnel and its Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Military Personnel and its Benefits - Essay Example Sadly, the mundane world is governed by economic and strategic constraints. Still, in a starkly pragmatic context, the reality is that in the contemporary scenario, not only the military personnel are getting less than sufficient benefits, but such curtailing and liquidation of benefits could have dire consequences for the national security and the overall morale of the military. Lately, the Congress and the Federal administration has been vociferously evincing the desire to not only downsize the military but also to cut on the benefits to military personnel and the veterans, going by the current economic meltdown and the recessionary trends (Scarborough A01). The direct conclusion that could be drawn from such intentions is that not only the nation does not have enough money to pay the salary to military personnel, but the military personnel could also expect a further cut in the benefits being extended to them. One thing that needs to be kept on the mind is that the proposed cuts are not in consonance with the nation’s strategic requirements, but rather are the results of the hypothetical financial calculations being resorted to being the Congress (Bennett 1). Hence, any shrinking in the number of armed personnel or the benefits they deserve could have dire consequences for the strategic interests of the United States of America. The army serves the Congress. These curtailing of the military benefits will send a direct message to the military ranks that the Congress does no more afford to pay them. Even a cursory perusal of the fundamentals of HR will amply testify to the fact that such a message is bound to negatively impact the morale of the army (Maze 1). How would a soldier dare to sacrifice one’s life in the line of duty, while his conscience is bothered by the worry as to whether he will be able to provide for his family and loved ones (Maze 1)? One other important thing is that the special perks and benefits accorded to the military personnel  serve a pivotal function.  

My experience and the impact of growing up with a parent with a Essay

My experience and the impact of growing up with a parent with a disability - Essay Example The first teacher in any child’s life is the parent; the parent provides life lessons that will be useful in a child’s life. Most children do not spend quality time with their parents due to tight working schedules. My mother’s disability has restricted her movement; thus, she spends most of her time at home. Having a flexible schedule meant that my mother was always there for me. She assisted me in my studies and taught me that having a positive attitude in life would make me stronger. I was taught never to give up and never shy away from assistance as it always leads to success (Ostalecki 47). Having a disabled mother has made me a social person. My mother ensured that I made friends in my life to help me deal with challenges that I faced. I help my mother by doing errands at home and assisting her with any challenges she may encounter. Through my mother, I have learned the importance of existing in a society where people love and care for others. I have also learned that traits like humility and kindness are valuable for any individual in society. Having a disabled mother has made me a self reliant individual. Although my mother has been there for me emotionally, her disability restricts her from helping me with physical activities. This made me learn and adapt to caring for myself and helping her with physical activities in the house. Compared to other students in my age group, I am capable of doing many basic chores without any assistance. Doing chores and caring for my mother has made me gain physical and emotional strength (Ostalecki 89). I and my mother are close, and we shared a lot as I grew up. Every time I have a troubling issue, I consult her, and she is always there to give me advice. Through her experience, she teaches me to be courageous and never give up. She insists that it is always beneficial to hope when faced with any challenge in life. Her disability has made her strong

Cohesive Groups Essay Example for Free

Cohesive Groups Essay In general terms, a group is said to be in a state of cohesion when its members possess bonds linking them to one another and to the group as a whole. Groups that possess strong unifying forces typically stick together over time whereas groups that lack such bonds between members usually disintegrate. Advantages of cohesive groups Firstly, members of cohesive groups tend to communicate with one another in a more positive fashion than non cohesive groups. As a result, members of cohesive groups often report higher levels of satisfaction and lower levels of anxiety and tension than members of non cohesive groups. Secondly, group cohesion has been linked to enhanced group performance in non laboratory based groups. This bi directional relationship is strongest when the members of a group are committed to the group’s tasks. Limitations of cohesive groups Membership in a cohesive group can also prove problematic for members. As cohesion increases, the internal dynamics (e.g., emotional and social processes) of the group intensify. As a result, people in cohesive groups are confronted with powerful pressures to conform to the group’s goals, norms, and decisions. In many instances these pressures to conform are so great that members suffer from groupthink. Individuals who refuse to yield to the ways of the majority are typically met with additional negative consequences, including hostility, exclusion, and scape goating. Furthermore, group cohesion can trigger distress and mal adaptive behavior in members following changes to the structure of the group (e.g., loss of a member). The five stage model of group development Stage 1: Forming In the Forming stage, personal relations are characterized by dependence. Group members rely on safe, patterned behavior and look to the group leader for guidance and direction. Group members have a desire for acceptance by the group and a need to be known that the group is safe. They set about gathering impressions and data about the similarities and differences among them and forming preferences for future sub grouping. Rules of behavior seem to be to keep things simple and to avoid controversy. Serious topics and feelings are avoided. The major task functions also concern orientation. Members attempt to become oriented to the tasks as well as to one another. To grow from this stage to the next, each member must relinquish the comfort of non threatening topics and risk the possibility of conflict. Stage 2: Storming The next stage, called Storming, is characterized by competition and conflict in the personal relations dimension an organization in the task functions dimension. As the group members attempt to organize for the task, conflict inevitably results in their personal relations. Individuals have to bend and mold their feelings, ideas, attitudes, and beliefs to suit the group organization. Because of fear of exposure or fear of failure, there will be an increased desire for structural clarification and commitment. Although conflicts may or may not surface as group issues, they do exist. Questions will arise about who is going to be responsible for what, what the rules are, what the reward system is, and what criteria for evaluation are. These reflect conflicts over leadership, structure, power, and authority. There may be wide swings in member’s behavior based on emerging issues of competition and hostilities. Because of the discomfort generated during this stage, some members may remain completely silent while others attempt to dominate. In order to progress to the next stage, group members must move from a testing and proving mentality to a problem solving mentality. The most important trait in helping groups to move on to the next stage seems to be the ability to listen. Stage 3: Norming In the norming stage, interpersonal relations are characterized by cohesion. Group members are engaged in active acknowledgment of all members’ contributions, community building and maintenance, and solving of group issues. Members are willing to change their preconceived ideas or opinions on the basis of facts presented by other members, and they actively ask questions of one another. Leadership is shared, and cliques dissolve. When members begin to know and identify with one another, the level of trust in their personal relations contributes to the development of group cohesion. It is during this stage of development that people begin to experience a sense of group belonging and a feeling of relief as a result of resolving interpersonal conflicts. The major task function of stage three is the data flow between group members: They share feelings and ideas, solicit and give feedback to one another, and explore actions related to the task. Creativity is high. If this stage of data flow and cohesion is attained by the group members, their interactions are characterized by openness and sharing of information on both a personal and task level. They feel good about being part of an effective group. The major drawback of the norming stage is that members may begin to fear the inevitable future breakup of the group; they may resist change of any sort. Stage 4: Performing The Performing stage is not reached by all groups. If group members are able to evolve to stage four, their capacity, range, and depth of personal relations expand to true interdependence. In this stage, people can work independently, in subgroups, or as a total unit with equal facility. Their roles and authorities dynamically adjust to the changing needs of the group and individuals. Stage four is marked by interdependence in personal relations and problem solving in the realm of task functions. By now, the group should be most productive. Individual members have become self assuring, and the need for group approval is past. Members are both highly task oriented and highly people oriented. There is unity: group identity is complete, group morale is high, and group loyalty is intense. The task function becomes genuine problem solving, leading toward optimal solutions and optimum group development. There is support for experimentation in solving problems and an emphasis on achievement. The overall goal is productivity through problem solving and work. Stage 5: Adjourning The final stage, adjourning, involves the termination of task behaviors and disengagement from relationships. A planned conclusion usually includes recognition for participation and achievement and an opportunity for members to say personal goodbyes. Concluding a group can create some apprehension in effect, a minor crisis. The termination of the group is a regressive movement from giving up control to giving up inclusion in the group.

Scramjet Powerplants :: Essays Papers

Scramjet Powerplants Higher, further, faster, carry more. These have always been the goals of aircraft designers from the very beginning of aviation history. Even today engineers and researchers attempt to build aircraft that will be able perform better. Throughout the history of aircraft design, the main limiting factor has been the performance of power plants. This is still going on today as we attempt to build engines that allow superior performing aircraft. Scramjet engines offer one potential solution to this problem. By the end of World War II we had the technology to build airframes that would fly higher, go further, faster and carry more, but there were no power plants available to power such aircraft. With the introduction of the jet engine aircraft took an enormous step forward. Although the jet engine offers a multitude of advantages over jet engines, there are still limitations. One of these is that jet engines have a limited operating speed. A speeds much higher than Mach 3 the turbine engines, with rotating blades and other moving parts are unable to stand the stress and pressures associated with high speed flight. Rocket power has been used in some applications. Some of these include experimental aircraft such as the X-15. Rocket power is also used in spacecraft as the main means of propulsion. Rocket powered aircraft must carry a supply of hydrogen and oxygen. The requirement to carry large supplies of fuel severely limits the payload capabilities of the ship. In addition it is cost prohibitive for most operations. Commercial transportation is out of the question. Ramjet engines offer some improvements, but are still speed limited. A ramjet engine works in a similar manner to a turbine engine, but there are no moving parts. Instead of using a compressor section to produce high-density air, the forward speed of the aircraft is used to compress the air. The air is then slowed to subsonic speed through a reverse venturi. Fuel is ignited and creates thrust is a fashion similar to that of a turbine engine. (Ramjet/Scramjet...) Scramjet is the name given to a supersonic compression ramjet. It operates in a similar manner to a ramjet, however the air passing through the engine maintains supersonic speed. The scramjet uses hydrogen fuel, just like a rocket engine, but is does not require an onboard supply of oxygen.

Diabetes In India And Belgium Health And Social Care Essay

â€Å" Today, diabetes and other non catching diseases ( NCDs ) that portion the same hazard factors represent a taking menace to wellness and human development. An estimated 8 to 14 million people die prematurely every twelvemonth in developing states due to preventable NCDs – chiefly cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, malignant neoplastic diseases, and chronic respiratory diseases. These people are deceasing excessively immature as a consequence of increased exposure to the common hazard factors for NCDs: unhealthy diets, physical inaction, baccy usage and the harmful usage of alcohol. † ( WHO ) . Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus consequences from insulin opposition, a status in which cells fail to utilize insulin decently, sometimes combined with absolute insulin deficiency. ( Wikipedia ) . Diabetes is recognized as a group of heterogenous upsets with the common elements of hyperglycaemia and glucose intolerance, due to insulin lack, impaired effectivity of insulin action, o r both ( IDF ) .Epidemiology of T2DMDiabetess mellitus is one of the most common hormone upsets impacting about 6 % of the universe ‘s population. [ 1 ]Etiology of Diabetes mellitusThe causes of diabetes mellitus are incompletely understood. It has now been widely accepted that the cause of diabetes mellitus is multifactorial and that both familial and environmental factors play a conducive function. [ 1 ] Asiatic populations are multiracial and have multi factorial causes of type 2 diabetes. The mechanisms implicit in development of the disease are complex and varied, even within these populations. The major aetiologic constituents of type 2 diabetes are impaired insulin secernment and impaired insulin action, which are aggravated by the presence and grade of glucotoxicity. Both constituents might besides be genetically predetermined. [ 2 ]Definition of T2DMThe definition of diabetes may be given in different footings but the significance of the definitions is the same, as diabetes has become an endemic Non catching disease non merely in developed states but besides increasing prevalence in developing states. This displacement in the from traditional Healthy diets to western The Indian nutrient points are usually rich in fats and the method of the readying of a individual nutrient point differs from one individual to the other. The street nutrient peddling units and the wont of eating outside the place has mostly affected the normal nutrient forms in India. The street nutrients which include get downing from breakfast point like vada, poori etc has increased ingestion in the Indian population to the tiffin points and flushing bites which include mirch bajji, aloo bonda and confab bhandar nutrients has increased ingestion due to miss of clip to fix clip at place households are largely depending on the nutrient available outside the place. ( besides the Indian fast nutrient is bad: think of Vada-Pav ) fast nutrient diets, deficiency of regular physical activity, unable to keep a normal organic structure weight and increasing usage of baccy both in work forces and adult females are the nucleus causes for diabetes happening. I truly can non notice on this statement as I read it in one of the below listed articles ( Do you truly believe so? ! Where have you read this? Not right ) .EthnicitiesHarmonizing to the Journal article of Nepal Medical Association by Battarai MD [ 3 ] , Ethnicity is considered to be an of import factor in diabetes development with higher rates being reported in Asians, Hispanics, African Americans and autochthonal peoples of the USA, Canada, Australia and Pacific parts ( IDF ) . However the term ethnicity appears to transport the impression of prevailing familial component, which we can non alter. With increasing fleshiness, diminishing physical activity, and lifting life anticipation of population, prevalence of diabetes additions. Prevalence of ‘diagnosed ‘ diabetes in the USA increased increasingly from 0.9 % in 1958 to 5.9 % in 2006.Beginning: CDC.The universe broad statistics of diabetes from different cited articles suggests that, In Canada age adjusted addition in prevalence was from 4.4 % in 1986 to 6.6 % in 1991.11 Similarly in Iceland the prevalence in males was 2.8 % in 1970-1972, 4.5 % in 1979-1984 and 5.0 % in 1985-1990. The comparative diabetes prevalence estimations for 2007 in North America an d Europe are about 4-9 % . ( IDF ) . In the USA there is progressive addition in fleshiness and an estimated 66 % of grownups were fleshy or corpulent in 2003-2004. ( NCHS ) . Similar rise in fleshiness was seen in Europe. ( WHO ) The grownup average organic structure mass index ( BMI ) degrees of 20-23 kg/m2 were found among the general population in Africa and Asia, while degrees were 25-27 kg/m2 across North America and Europe in 2002. The proportion of entire estimated figure of people with diabetes in 2007 in 20-39, 40-59 and 60-79 age groups are 7-10 % , 36-45 % , and 46-57 % in European and North American parts severally and 23-33 % , 42-52 % and 25-30 % in African, South-East Asian and Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East parts severally. ( Bhattarai MD ) Prevalence of diabetes among grownups above 20 old ages in urban India was about 1 % in 1960 which increased steeply making to about 12 % by 2005. Similarly, analysis of old tendencies of age adjusted prevalence rates of diabetes in different urban countries reveals 7.7 % in 1990 and 8.9 % in 1995 in Hong Kong, 8.1 % in 1993 in Singapore and 11 % in 1995 in Taiwan ; 4 5 % in 1994 in urban Sri Lanka, 9.7 % in 2004 in urban Cambodia and 4.5 % in 1997 and 8.1 % in 2005 in Dhaka 9.5 % in Latinos and 13.3 % in Africans in 2005 in the USA and 15.2 % in Bahrain and Qatar and 19.4 % in the United Arab Emirates in 2007 ( Bhattarai MD )GENETICS OF T2DMType 2 diabetes is a disease characterized by impaired i-cell secernment of insulin, in combination with opposition to insulin in its mark tissues. Both insulin secernment and insulin sensitiveness are influenced by familial and environmental factors. [ 4 ] Although monogenic signifiers of diabetes have been found ( Table 1 ) [ 5 ] , the bulk of instances of type 2 diabetes do non demo heritage as a Mendelian trait, but instead as a genetically complex upset in which familial discrepancies predispose persons to develop the disease. The environmental factors, such as extra nutrient and limited physical activity. The rapid rise in diabetes prevalence over the last few decennaries strongly suggests that familial discrepancies involved in type 2 diabetes are interacting with environmental factors.Table 1. Genes Associated with Diabetess: Overview of their Target Tissue1, Function2, and Related Medication3DiabetessGeneProposed DiabetessTarget Cell Type / Tissue1MonogenicDiabetes4Type 2Diabetes5Proposed Function ( s ) for Gene Product2Drug ( s ) Affecting theSame Pathway as theDiabetess Gene3ABCC8 Pancreass i-CellTen– B-cell ion homeostasis and insulin secernment ; ATP-binding cassette transporter that modulates ATP sensitive K channels and insulin release Sulfonylurea derived functions ADAMTS9 UnknownTen– Cleavage of proteoglycans Unknown CDC123 Pancreass i-CellTen– Cell rhythm ordinance Unknown CDKAL1 Pancreass i-CellTen– Growth and development – Proinsulin to insulin transition Unknown CDKN2A Pancreass i-CellTen– Cell rhythm ordinance Unknown CEL unknownTen– Glycoprotein that is of import in ordinance of cholesterin Metamorphosis Unknown Terrorist organization hypothalamusTen– Associated to fleshiness Unknown GCK unknownTen– Catalyzes reaction from glucose to glucose-6- Phosphate Unknown HHEX Pancreass i-CellTen– Growth and development ; written text factor Unknown HNF4i Pancreass i-CellTen– Growth and development ; written text factor Unknown IDE Pancreass i-CellTen– Termination of the response to insulin Unknown IGF2BP2 Pancreass i-CellTen– Growth and development Unknown JAZF1 Pancreass i-CellTen– Cell rhythm ordinance ; transcriptional represser Unknown KCNJ11 Pancreass i-CellTenTen– B-cell ion homeostasis and insulin secernment Sulfonylurea derived functions KCNQ1 Pancreass i-CellTen– B-cell ion homeostasis and insulin secernment Sulfonylurea derived functions KLF11 unknownTenunknown Unknown NEUROD1 Pancreass i-CellTen– Growth and development ; written text factor that activates several cistrons including insulin and is of import for early i-cell development Unknown NOTCH2 Pancreass i-CellTen– Growth and development ; written text factor ; receptor for membrane edge ligands Unknown PDX1 Pancreass i-CellTen– Growth and development ; atomic protein that acts as a transcriptional activator of several cistrons including insulin and is of import for early i-cell development Unknown PPARG AdipocytesTen– Nuclear receptor ( transcription factor ) that regulates adipocyte distinction Thiazolidinediones SLC30A8 Pancreass i-CellTen– B-cell ion homeostasis and insulin secernment ; cellular outflow of Zn2+ ions – Proinsulin to insulin transition Sulfonylurea derived functions TCF1 Pancreass i-CellTen– Growth and development ; Transcription factor that forms a complex with the merchandise of TCF2 of import for Wnt signaling Unknown TCF2 Pancreass i-CellTenTen– Growth and development ; written text factor that forms a complex with the merchandise of TCF1 of import for Wnt signaling – Cell rhythm ordinance Unknown TCF7L2 Pancreass i-CellTen– Wnt signaling – Proinsulin to insulin transition Unknown THADA Pancreass i-CellTen– Apoptosis Unknown TSPAN8 UnknownTen– Glycoprotein involved in the mediation of signal Transduction Unknown WFS1 Pancreass i-CellTenTen– Apoptosis ; Endoplasmic Reticulum emphasis tract activation UnknownGenes included in the list are involved in type 2 diabetes, Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young ( MODY ) , or Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus ( PNDM ) . The cut-off p-value for the inclusion of type 2 diabetes cistrons identified by GWAS is 1 ten 10-8 ( frayling TM et Al, Hiroyuki Unokil et Al, zeggini E et Al ) . The 3rd and 4th columns of the tabular array show whether a cistron is involved in monogenic4 or complexly inherited type 2 diabetes5.Other T2DM susceptibleness cistronsTCF7L2 joins a instead short list of cistrons that have been reproducibly associated with T2D. The strongest extra campaigners for this list include the E23K discrepancy of KCNJ11 and the P12A discrepancy of PPARG. Both of these associations have been replicated in several samples, and the cumulative grounds has long surpassed genome-wide significance. The past two old ages have witnessed an acceleration in our apprehension of both monogenic and multi factorial signifiers of diabetes. There are really strong evidences for believing that the following moving ridge of fresh diabetes-susceptibility discrepancies will flux from the genome-wide association surveies that are presently underway. As with TCF7L2, we can anticipate these to present important new penetrations into the pathogenesis of T2D and the allelomorphic architecture of complex traits in general. [ 6 ] Genome-Wide Association Studies ( GWAS ) Recent progresss in genotyping techniques and the aggregation of big, type 2 diabetes patient cohorts have made it possible to execute hypothesis-free genome-wide association surveies ( GWAS ) to place common familial discrepancies that increase susceptibleness to type 2 diabetes. It has been estimated that, in a Caucasic population, measuring 500,000 SNPs will observe around 80 % of the common familial fluctuation. The genome-wide attack has been really successful for type 2 diabetes, taking to the designation of over a twelve common familial discrepancies associated with the disease lying near cistrons that had non antecedently been associated with a diabetic phenotype. [ 4 ] WC Cut-offs for Asiatic Indians: a. Action level 1: Work force: 78 centimeter, adult females: 72 centimeter. Any individual with WC above these degrees should avoid deriving weight and maintain physical activity to avoid geting any of the cardiovascular hazard factor. These action degree 1 cut-offs demand to be researched farther. B. Action level 2: Work force: 90 centimeter, adult females: 80 centimeter. Capable with WC above this should seek medical aid so that obesity-related hazard factors could be investigated and managed. [ 7 ]Diet and T2DMDietary fat and insulin opposition Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids ( PUFAs ) : An impressive organic structure of grounds has established the nexus between dietetic lipoids, membrane lipoids and insulin opposition in carnal surveies. Overall, surveies have shown that dietetic I†°-3 PUFAs addition EPA and DHA content of phospholipids membrane, better lipoid profile and have either a good or no consequence on insulin sensitiveness. Dietary saturated fatty acids ( SFAs ) : Consumption of SFAs is a important independent forecaster of fasting and postprandial insulin concentrations. Overall consumption of dietetic SFAs is positively related to insulin opposition. Replacing SFAs with MUFAs or PUFAs in dietetic fat may be a utile dietetic intercession to forestall metabolic impairment. Dietary glandular fever unsaturated fatty acids ( MUFAs ) : Overall, high MUFAs diets have shown good consequence in direction of T2DM but its influence on insulin opposition, although appears good, is still inconclusive. Dietary trans fatty acids ( TFAs ) : Dietary TFAs consumption has been found to be associated with dyslipidaemia and addition hazard of T2DM and CVD, but the relationship between dietetic TFAs and insulin opposition has been ill investigated. Overall, limited informations suggest that dietetic TFAs consumption, although associated with dyslipidaemia and addition hazard of T2DM and CVD, may non impact insulin sensitiveness particularly in healthy persons. Conjugated linoleic acid ( CLA ) : CLA is a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of LA ( 18:2n-6 ) normally found in beef, lamb and dairy merchandises. Overall, limited informations suggest that dietetic TFAs consumption, although associated with dyslipidaemia and addition hazard of T2DM and CVD, may non impact insulin sensitiveness particularly in healthy persons. Dietary saccharide consumption and insulin opposition Sucrose/fructose: high sucrose/fructose diet additions organic structure weight and hazard for T2DM and its influence on insulin sensitiveness, although appears hurtful, is still inconclusive. Low glycaemic index nutrients: Prospective surveies have shown that ingestion of low dietetic GI nutrients is associated with a lower hazard of T2DM, proposing a preventative function of low GI diets. [ 8 ] . A low GI diet improves blood glucose control as manifested by lowered day-long glycaemia, lowered glycosylated haemoglobin concentration and improved glucose tolerance. A retrospective meta analysis of randomized controlled clinical tests comparing low and high GI diets in the intervention of T1DM and T2DM. They found that low GI diets globally reduced HbA1C by 0.43 per cent points compared to high GI diets in surveies with both T1DM and T2DM topics. [ 9 ] Whole grain consumption: In sum-up, whole grain consumption is associated with lower prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, BMI values, entire cholesterin, and LDL-C degrees and improves insulin sensitiveness. Asiatic Indians in India consume comparatively more saccharides ( ~60-67 % of the energy consumption ) as compared to the migratory Asiatic Indians in UK ( ~46 % of the energy consumption ) and USA ( ~56-58 % of the energy consumption ) . Sevak et Al found that carbohydrate consumption ( as a per centum of entire energy ) was reciprocally correlated with insulin sensitiveness ( i.e. , entire saccharide and sucrose were positively correlated with insulin opposition ) , with a stronger correlativity for sucrose than for amylum. The same form was seen for fasting insulin, but the correlativity was weaker [ 10 ] . Data suggest that dietetic I†°-3 PUFAs addition EPA and DHA content of phospholipids membrane, better lipoid profile and may hold good consequence on insulin opposition. Dietary SFAs consumption is positively associated with insulin opposition. Replacing dietetic SFAs with PUFAs or MUFAs can hold positive effects on insulin sensitiveness. High sucrose/fructose diet addition organic structure weight, and hazard for T2DM, and may hold hurtful consequence on insulin sensitiveness. Evidence suggests that high saccharide diets increase concentrations of plasma triglycerides and diminish HDL-C and LDL-C and do postprandial hyperinsulinaemia. However, it is still non clear from the available informations whether the clinical public-service corporation of increasing the fibre content or diminishing the GI of low-fat/high-carbohydrates diets is preferred to merely replacing saturated fat with unsaturated fat and diminishing saccharides intake to diminish insulin opposition. [ 10 ] Familial sensitivity, dietetic wonts, quickly altering life style, physical inaction and migration are conducive factors for high prevalence of insulin opposition in Asiatic Indians compared with white Caucasic and in-depth probes on these issues are required. Asiatic Indians and South Asians have higher consumptions of saccharide and I†°-6 PUFAs, lower consumptions of I†°-3 PUFAs and fi ber, and higher I†°-6/I†°- 3 PUFAs ratio as compared to white Caucasians. Recently, our group has reported that dietetic I†°-6 PUFAs consumption is signifi cant independent forecasters of fasting hyperinsulinaemia in immature Asiatic Indians. ( Change in wonts )MANAGEMENT OF TYPE 2 DIABETESThe corner rock for diabetes direction still lies in diet and exercising [ 11 ] . There is besides a easy spread outing list of drugs being used to handle type 2 diabetes, all of which act through one of the tracts of import in diabetes pathophysiology. However, neither alterations in lifes tyle nor the usage of medicine are sufficient to bring around diabetes, although both intercessions can detain the patterned advance of disease. [ 12 ] There is hence an pressing demand to develop new medicines or schemes to counter the immense addition in instances expected in the hereafter. Since the direction of type 2 diabetes with either lifestyle alterations, medicine or both, is more effectual when started at an early phase, bettering the techniques for early diagnosing and the chances for early intercession will greatly better the effects of current ways of pull offing type 2 diabetes.IMPLICATIONS FOR PREVENTION AND TREATMENTFamilial Screening for Prediction and PreventionThe effectivity of current type 2 diabetes direction is greatly improved when it is started at an early phase of the disease. If familial testing could be used to foretell type 2 diabetes, preventative steps could be taken and diabetes could potentially be managed more easy. However, the discrepancies assoc iated with type 2 diabetes that have been identified so far merely explicate a little per centum of the entire familial fluctuation that is thought to be present [ 13-14 ] . It is hence non yet possible to execute accurate prognostic familial testing but, in the close hereafter, research should supply more penetration into the chances for such testing. Common discrepancies in type 2 diabetes cistrons associating to cell rhythm events and programmed cell death, and stand foring different allelomorphs than those associated to type 2 diabetes, are besides associated with assorted malignant neoplastic diseases. [ 4 ] . ( This above article from mention 4 ) In the survey by Leitzmann M F, et Al, revealed that diabetes was reciprocally associated with early phase prostate malignant neoplastic disease but it showed no relation with aggressive prostate malignant neoplastic disease. But there was an association between diabetes and aggressive prostate malignant neoplastic disease in the subgroup of work forces with a low BMI. [ 15 ] Both a high proportion of organic structure fat and a predomination of cardinal fleshiness are associated with insulin opposition. A high proportion of Asiatic people have both these features, and might besides hold pancreatic I?-cell secretory defects. [ 16 ]Diabetess and other complications because of diabetesA epidemiological survey estimated the prevalence of anaemia to be 12.3 % in persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus, above the age of 40 old ages ; no gender differences were observed. Persons with anaemia were 1.80 times more likely to develop diabetic retinopathy than persons with no anaemia. In work forces, the hazard of developing diabetic retinopathy increased to 2.05 times. A salient determination was the association between the continuance of diabetes and the prevalence of anaemia. Persons with continuance of diabetes of more than 5 old ages have 1.56 times higher hazard of developing anaemia than those with diabetes for less than 5 old ages. These observations suggest that anemia rating should be considered in the everyday direction of individuals with diabetes and should be treated to minimise the hazard of microvascular complications such as nephropathy and retinopathy. ( Anemia and Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Padmaja Kumari Rani )T2DM Is a Familial Disease: Classical Evidence1. The spectrum of T2DM prevalence in different cultural groups ‘ The prevalence of T2DM varies widely among populations, but the disease prevalence varies well among cultural groups that portion a similar environment supports the thought that familial factors contribute to disease sensitivity. 2. Familial collection: Other than cistrons, households portion environments, civilization and wonts, yet familial collection of the disease is another beginning of grounds for a familial part to the disease. 3. Twin surveies: Multiple surveies of duplicate harmony rates have been undertaken in T2DM. Estimates for harmony rates have ranged from 0.29 to 1.00 in monozygotic ( MZ ) twins, while in dizygous ( DZ ) twins the scope was 0.10-0.43. In malice of several cautions in duplicate surveies, the high harmony in MZ twins and the 50 % autumn in DZ twins provides compelling grounds for a familial constituent of T2DM. 4. Heritability of intermediate phenotypes: Insulin sensitiveness and insulin secernment deteriorate in analogue in most human T2DM.Oxidative Metabolism and the Pancreatic I?-CellInsulin secernment by the pancreatic I?-cell is modulated by multiple stimulations. Oxidative mitochondrial metamorphosis and adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) coevals is indispensable to glucose stirred insulin secernment. The increased ratio of ATP to adenosine diphosphate ( ADP ) in the I?-cell triggers a series of events: suppression of the cell ‘s ATP/ADP-regulated K channel ( KATP, encoded by cistrons KCNJ11 and ABCC8 ) , plasma membrane depolarisation, gap of a voltage-gated Ca channel, Ca inflow, and conveyance and binding of insulin granules to the cell surface [ 17 ] . The ATP/ADP ratio is in bend altered by UCP2, an built-in mitochondrial membrane protein that permits protons to leak across the mitochondrial inner membrane, therefore decoupling of glucose oxidative metamorphosis from ATP produc tion. By diminishing the sum of ATP generated from glucose, UCP2 look negatively regulates glucose-stimulated insulin secernment. Over-expression of UCP2 in I?-cells in vitro lessenings glucose-stimulated insulin secernment [ 18 ] . Glucose homeostasis: the cardinal nervous system. Degrees of glucose in the blood are regulated by a complex interplay between the visual aspect of glucose from both enteric soaking up and hepatic production and its disappearing through insulin-dependent and insulin independent glucose consumption in a assortment of tissues. After the nightlong fast, glucose is mostly produced by animal starch dislocation and gluconeogenesis. About 80 % of this glucose released by liver is metabolized independent of insulin by encephalon and other insulin-independent tissues ( intestine, ruddy cells ) . The median hypothalamus, a major planimeter of nutritionary and hormonal signals, plays a polar function non merely in the ordinance of energy balance but besides in the transition of liver glucose end product.The I?-Cell and Type 2 DiabetessDamage of insulin secernment from pancreatic I?-cell is besides a major constituent of T2DM pathogenesis. Analysis of mutants involved in six different adulthood onset diabetes of the immature ( MODY ) cistrons have revealed the of import function of written text factors in the insulin secernment. Many mec hanisms lending to T2DM may trip I?-cell programmed cell death and decreased I?-cell mass or ability to counterbalance for insulin opposition [ 19 ] Cost of diabetes in India. Figure 1-Expenditure incurred by urban and rural topics in relation to the figure of complications. The x-axis shows the prevalence of complications, and the y-axis shows the outgo incurred in Indian Rs. In a survey Ramachandran A et Al, [ 20 ] indicated that the economic load of diabetes care on households in developing states is lifting quickly, even after accounting for the rising prices. The highest addition in per centum of family income devoted to diabetes attention was in the lowest economic group ( 34 % of income in 1998 vs. 24.5 % in 2005 ) . There was a important betterment in urban topics in medical reimbursement from 2 % ( 1998 ) to 21.3 % ( 2005 ) . So the survey concludes that Urban and rural diabetic topics spend a big per centum of income on diabetes direction. The economic load on urban households in developing states is lifting, and the entire direct cost has doubled from 1998 to 2005. [ 20 ]High Prevalence of Diabetes and Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated With Urbanization in IndiaThis survey studies alterations in diabetes prevalence based on population studies in Southern India. The prevalence of diabetes in the metropolis and the town was similar. IGT decreased in all countries, most markedly in the metropolis, accompaniment with an addition in diabetes. High prevalence of diabetes in the metropolis and the town and a rapid addition in the PUVs could mostly be due to urbanisation. Urbanization in India is expected to make 46 % by 2030 ( WHO Demographic tendencies ) ; hence, in the hereafter a larger part to the diabetic population would be from rural countries. The most unexpected findings in the survey were the pronounced addition in prevalence of diabetes in the PUVs and a crisp decrease in IGT in all countries. One of the restrictions was that comparings were made of surveies done in different PUV locations. Therefore, temporal alterations and geographic differences could hold contributed to the differences. Demographic and population features of the survey populations were similar in these country [ 21 ] In a survey by Ramachandran A et Al fleshiness, female sex, parental history of type 2 diabetes, and pubertal age appeared to be strongly associated with the disease in Asiatic kids. Unlike in the kids with type 1 diabetes who had acute oncoming of the disease with terrible symptoms and ketoacidurias, thin organic structure weight, and deficiency of familial collection, the type 2 diabetic kids showed characteristics similar to authoritative grownup onset type 2 diabetes. Obesity was present in lone half of the probands seen by them. Insulin opposition is a common characteristic even in nonobese Asian-Indian topics. Type 2 diabetes in kids is an entity that needs to be recognized and looked for, particularly in corpulent kids of diabetic parents in India. Asymptomatic nature may detain the diagnosing in many as it normally does in grownup type 2 diabetic topics. [ 22 ]Treatment of T2DMA survey by Knowler WC, et Al revealed that Lifestyle alterations and intervention with Glucophage b oth have reduced the incidence of diabetes in individuals at high hazard. It besides stated that lifestyle intercession was more effectual than Glucophage. [ 12 ] In the farther surveies by Molitch M E, et Al, showed the incidence of diabetes was reduced by 58 % with the lifestyle intercession and by 31 % with Glucophage, compared with placebo. These effects were shown to be similar in work forces and adult females, and in all racial and cultural groups. [ 23 ]Research Design and Method:In India population-based survey for patients with Diabetes Type 2 were indiscriminately sampled who reported to the General doctors at 2 Super forte Hospitals in Hyderabad metropolis, Andhra Pradesh were taken as a portion of survey, 30 topics with T2DM for non more than 2 old ages were included in the survey. ( Split the sentenceaˆÂ ¦ . Should do a clear sense ) These people ( what do you intend mostlyaˆÂ ¦ . Is it hard to see in a group of 30 people what age they have? were between 28- 65years of age without any gender specifications. The patients with anterior assignment of physician in the outpatient ward and the patients admitted in the inpatient ward of the infirmary with some wellness jobs and ready to dispatch were included in the samp le. ( Decide which tense you want to utilize and lodge to it. ) The research worker had clearly explained the intent of the survey to the respondents in the local linguistic communication. Consent signifier had been obtained by the Researcher in the presence of either the General Physician or the Dietician in the several Hospitals. The physician and the Dietician encouraged the patients to register in the survey, the patients who had been detected as diabetic were sent for HbA1c scrutiny. The research worker had personally administered a questionnaire framed in English but to cut down the measuring error the questionnaire had been administered in the local linguistic communication which includes the Personal Information of the respondent, Family history of Diabetes, Medical unwellness for the past few old ages before the oncoming of T2DM and before diagnosing of T2DM, anterior operations, ( from the clip the patient had the disease, the happening of a peculiar disease ( s ) in the p atients wasaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..need rectification ) ( howmany ) oncoming of T2DM and Anthropometric Measurements were performed. Weight and Height were measured to enter Body Mass Index shortly called as BMI. ( Give a fullform of BMI excessively ) BMI was recorded as weight ( kgs ) divided by tallness ( metres ) squared. Waist and hip perimeters, Physical activity type, both recreational and occupational, and continuance was assessed by the validated questionnaire. Last the Food ingestion form of the respondent was assessed, the questionnaire was subdivided into 7 chief nutrient groups as per the guidelines of ‘Nutritive value of Indian Foods ‘ . Eating wonts were assessed on a hebdomad footing of all nutrients. In Belgium the patients with 2nd hourly OGTT value ( Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ) of & gt ; 200mg/dl are termed to be diabetic. Personal information, past unwellness and wellness position, medical history of the patient is ( mind your tense please ) recorded by the Dietician. The existent nutrient consumptions of the respondent and dietetic advice given were taken into consideration for survey. The patient with diabetes type 2, detected non more than two old ages old have been selected for the survey ( mind your tense ) ( this sentence is non clear: make you intend diabetes detected in last two old ages?Literature reappraisal:Diabetess mellitus is characterized by elevated glucose in the plasma and in some patients leads to episodic diabetic acidosis. In terrible diabetes mellitus with an early oncoming ; characterized by polyuria and inordinate thirst and increased appetency and weight loss and episodic diabetic acidosis ; diet and insulin injections are required to command the dis ease ( compare your this sentence with your sentence in pink on the following page ; contradiction! ! ! ! ! ! ) . Additional symptoms of diabetes mellitus include inordinate thirst, glucosuria and lipaemia. If left untreated the disease can take to fatal diabetic acidosis. Diabetess mellitus is a heterogenous clinical upset with legion types. Type 2 diabetes is one of them. I mean Diabetes Mellitus is of different types Eg: Type 1, Type 2 and Gestational Diabetes and Type 2 is one of them. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? what? Is type 2 diabetes a cause of DiabetesaˆÂ ¦ ? ? ? Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin opposition and comparative insulin lack, either of which may be present at the clip that diabetes becomes clinically manifest. The diagnosing of type 2 diabetes normally occurs after the age of 40 old ages but could happen earlier, particularly in populations with high diabetes prevalence. Type 2 diabetes can stay undetected, i.e. symptomless, for many old ages and the diagnosing is frequently made from associated complications or by the way through an unnatural blood or urine glucose trial. Type 2 diabetes is frequently, but non ever, associated with fleshiness, which itself can do insulin opposition and lead to elevated blood glucose degrees. It is strongly familial, but major susceptibleness cistrons have non yet been identified. There are several possible factors in the development of type 2 diabetes. Some Peoples with type 2 diabetes are non dependent on exogenic insulin and are non ketosis-prone, but may necessitate insulin for control of hyperglycemia if this is non achieved with diet alone or with unwritten hypoglycemic agents. The lifting prevalence of type 2 diabetes is associated with rapid cultural and societal alterations, ageing populations, increasing urbanisation, dietetic alterations, reduced physical activity and other unhealthy life styles like extra intoxicant ingestion, debris nutrient ingestion and behavioural forms like urban nerve-racking life. ( like what? ) The statistics suggests from WHO on planetary prevalence of Diabetess from estimations for twelvemonth 2000 and projections for twelvemonth 2030 suggests that figure of people with diabetes is expected to duplicate between 2000 and 2030 ( WHO data and statistics ) . India will stand in the first topographic point of diabetes patients. Most of these expected population will be from the urban population. The projections of the WHO data reveals that India has ( tense ) 31,705,000 million in twelvemonth 2000, but by twelvemonth 2030 they are expected to be 79,441,000 million ( WHO ) which shows the badness of the prevalence. It was besides estimated that the age group between 45-64 years are more likely to develop diabetes in developing states by 2030. Concentrating on the Indian scenario on Diabetes the first national survey on the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in India was done between 1972 and 1975 by the Indian Council Medical Research ( ICMR, New Delhi ) .Screening was done in approximately 35,000 persons above 14 year of age, utilizing 50 g glucose burden. Capillary blood glucose degree & gt ; 170 mg/dl was used to name diabetes. The prevalence was 2.1 per cent in urban population and 1.5 per cent in the rural population while in those above 40 year of age, the prevalence was 5 per cent in urban and 2.8 per cent in rural countries. [ 24 ] The above mentioned informations from ICMR survey between 1972 and 1975 clearly shows that there is a drastic addition in Type 2 diabetes from early 80 ‘s and continuously started increasing in the consequent old ages in the urban and the rural population. ( unusual decision without informations for comparing ) On the other side Belgium, the trade capital of the European Union has 317,000 people with Type 2 diabetes in the twelvemonth 2000 and they are expected to increase to 461,000 by the twelvemonth 2030 ( Prevalence of diabetes in WHO European part ) CODE-2 survey [ 25 ] was the first big coordinated effort to measure patient attention together with the cost of patients with Type II diabetes throughout Europe. The CODE-2 survey measured the criterion of attention and entire health care costs in eight European states – Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom utilizing a prevalence-based design and affecting over 7000 patients. The chief aim was to mensurate the entire health care costs of people with Type 2 diabetes in each of the specified states. Secondary aims included finding the current quality of attention for Type 2 diabetes patients and benchmarking current clinical pattern against glycaemic, lipid and blood force per unit area marks? ? ? ? The CODE 2 survey provinces that the above mentioned primary and secondary aims have to be taken into consideration to cut down the incidence of diabetes in the 8 European states. The clinical patterns against glycaemic, lipid and bl ood force per unit area marks were recommended by current European diabetes pattern guideline. The 1999 European Diabetes Policy Group ( EDPG ) intervention guidelines were used in this analysis as an up-to-date European benchmark against which the CODE-2 information was compared. The 1999 guidelines were selected as the mark European benchmark for diabetes direction because information for the CODE-2 survey was collected between November 1998 and May 1999. [ 25 ] High proportion of patients with hazard factors for diabetes-related complications are non adequately controlled. Improvements in disease direction and monitoring are hence required to guarantee that guideline marks are met, therefore cut downing the long-run complications of Type II diabetes [ 26 ] Another survey suggests that Health Related Quality of Life is an of import issue in Type 2 diabetes which can diminish the patterned advance of T2DM. [ 27 ] ( Your sentenceaˆÂ ¦ ! ! ! ) A diary by Fleming D M et Al revealed that Diabetes mellitus prevalence rates Belgium per 1000 by age and gender are 1.1 ( 0-24y ) , 6.3 ( 25-44y ) , 54.6 ( 45-64y ) , 112.5 ( 67-74y ) , 122.3 ( & gt ; 75y ) , with entire of 30.9 ( males ) and for females 1.5 ( 0-24y ) 6.6 ( 25-44y ) , 42.8 ( 45-64y ) , 95.9 ( 67-74y ) , 137.1 ( & gt ; 75y ) , with entire of 34.0 ( females ) [ 28 ] This survey besides suggested that the prevalence in Belgium measured in all ages and in 45 old ages and over males and females was higher than in the seven other states. This sentence was exact text from the cited article [ 28 ] ( Your sentence does non do much sense. ) The challenges that India faces are non alone. Lending factors in prevalence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes include: alterations in traditional diet, progressively sedentary life styles, general and splanchnic fleshiness, increased life anticipation and better interventions for other dangerous diseases. [ 29 ] The survey by Shetty, P.S, et Al on nutrition passage of India indicated that the demographic alterations, rates of urbanization and alterations in dietetic forms are lending to the altering tendencies in chronic disease in India. There is clear grounds of a demographic, epidemiological and nutrition passage in India that is fuelling the epidemic of chronic diseases and fleshiness, peculiarly in the urban countries. [ 30 ]

Maru: Love and Yellow Daisies Essay

Introduction Maru is a book that reflects on the life of an orphaned young girl of Basarwa tribe who gets an opportunity of teaching and she is sent to teach in a remote village in Botswana where her own people are kept as slaves. Her existence separates a community which does not recognise Basarwa people as human beings thus condemn her to the lonely life of an outcast. This Book Maru in a way reflects on the life of its writer Bessie Head who is recognised as one of the best African writers, she also went through traumatising life experiences of racial prejudice in the late South-African government. She fled South Africa seeking refuge in Botswana where she settled in a small village which was filled with tribalism and people of her tribe were in slaved Part One That year the rains were so late, though the atmosphere was mysterious and threatening with menacing dark clouds, the summer season climatically was hot and dry. The clouds brought confusion in people’s minds as each evening roaring sounds of thunders and lightning would be heard only to live people with empty promises of rain. The man was fully equipped with necessary tools planning for the seasonal ploughing ground breaking was done for easy sowing two brand new tanks were installed on the nearby houses waiting for the rains to fall so they catch and contain the storm water. He wanted to plough something that will signify his wife’s beauty and resemble his true love for her and for that he prepared a flower garden of yellow daisies. The man’s desire was to fulfil his destinies no matter how many he had; though he knew life was short he was a born leader with an affection of pleasing and archiving his goals no matter the consequences, even if attain his goals th reatened his position as a leader he will still go for the execution as planned. â€Å"I’ll be going now (Head, 1971)† quietly said Maru to a group of three working man who were building vegetable beds. He took his time as he was nervous to speak. The three men were not ordinary farm boys but close friends of Maru who shielded and have always been there for him through his entire life, he said some harsh words to them which annoyed them but because he was their leader they said â€Å"Maru is always impossible!† they spoke in a low voice out of respect behind him, fearing being heard. â€Å"Ranko† said Maru in a deep sharp voice of annoyance. ‘Didn’t I tell you not to break the up the clods? They are for conserving moisture in the soil’. (Head, 1971) Ranko stirred up the skies like he wished God will see his sorrows or he could see answers in the skies of what exactly his leader wants him to do, he wiped his nose with one arm out of confusion. In Setswana Ranko meant a person with a big nose, since when had people not had their vegetable garden raked in a decorated fancy way. Each and every new idea no matter how impossible it looked it had to be put into practise, making no allowance for preju dice. This to him was too much and painful like his big nose, the three men knew no other life but the one of serving and pleasing their leader Maru. Without him they were lost souls wuthering around with nowhere to go and this on its own inflicted fear into their lives. Maru was their king whom loathed the kingship like a husband who hated his annoying, most demanding ever complaining wife from the deep bottom of his heart, they knew he wanted to give up his leadership seat and it was a scary shocking secret to them which brought confusion and fear which they couldn’t be at peace with. The secret was kept among him and them, they knew it has to circulate around them only though they didn’t know the verdict none the less had answers to the outcome of events when the time comes only their leader who was planning to abandon them knew what he was doing. They knew when time comes they will just pretend as if their leader passed away. Maru paused for some time and looked up the skies, where the storm looked mysterious and threatening with dark clouds. The shrubs always looked and turned black in the evening when darkness was falling and sudden breeze swerved the very dry white grass. He was in his zone where he could communicate freely with his thoughts with less or total absence of distraction and interruption from his people. The place was filled with cemetery silence. His mind, body, soul and heart communicated freely with beautifully much appreciated desired feedback. He knew that people hated him though they thought they hid it so well behind their fake smiles towards him, he could tell of their evil deeds planned for him he could feel it in their blood running up and down their veins, only if they knew what he knew wouldn’t they have ripped, torn him to pieces a long time ago, just to keep their secrets and their evil safe where bad and darkness is the ruler and possesses all things? It was an anticip ated vision that slowly accepted or permitted one dream to rule and dominate his life. The small little brown, filled with dust walk path, turned a blind eye on the noisy fast highways of life. Alongside the dusty footpath grew the yellow daisies which always danced in the sun and wind, the sight and the beautiful rhythm of dancing movements of the yellow daisies will eventually dominate his fantasies, an overwhelming feeling, filled with joyful moments. So much it made his heart beat pound with everlasting joy. He promised himself that as soon as the first rain fell he will sow those yellow daisies alongside the walking path that leads to his house as he was reflecting and joyfully feasting on his dreams on which he brought to life for that peaceful moment, at least the present and the on-going moment was simple to interpret, though he kept a deep secret of things to happen which only him was holding like those black clouds which knew what they kept beneath them which no man could interpret but hope for the best out of them, he had that cloud coiled in him, waiting to be unleashed like clouds filled with plenty of water that will cause a storm so strong and heavy it will cleanse and wash away all those ugly undesirable bad things that he forever despised and bring forth happiness which was hindered by all those things he hated. As he walked on tortoise pace walking on a path that will land him at his house he was doing so with his eyes leaned towards the sky on which a clear display of beautiful fantastic vision of things to come were set resembling a beautiful tale. As he silently entered the house his wife fearfully gazed at him from the dinner table she was preparing. He sometimes had an angry and hurtful mood whereas every word he said was verbally abusive and repeatedly hurt one’s feelings. Most certainly she never kept into her heart all past experiences of pain and suffering. Most often she felt full of joy and hallucinated by happiness it was not an everyday thing for her to parade around the whole day with a very excited smile drown on her face, because the days of being deliberately been hurt and pain inflicted on her were few thus were over shadowed by the days of deeply showered and expressed love. The darkest days may have been there as to balance the situation. Maybe Maru had to face an d experience reality to know how bad man can be to one. He moved with confidence. He never took a second thought over his Godly conscious. The major threat in his life was Moleka. He was afraid that one day his anger will get the best of him and drive him to kill Moleka one way or the other. His wife’s heart had two rooms filled with love for both men Moleka and Maru. Maru feared and dreamt that his room of love in his wife’s heart would eventually be over taken on by Moleka. This fearful dream continuously occurred. He dreamt Moleka with a broken leg and bleeding from a wound that was from his mouth and heart. His wife always cried with pain whenever Maru had these dreadful dreams. He usually woke up to his wife’s tears pouring on him as her eyes were closed. ‘Why are you crying?’ asked Maru, in pretence that he did not know. She would see the tears but feared to account to them as to what they were for when she woke up as she was not aware of them when she was sleeping, except the tears she cried for Maru. He had no power over destroying the love his wife had for Moleka. He seemed to have no control over his wife’s affair as much as the raging jealousy he had that drove him crazy as much as it did on Moleka. No one else was. Maru allowed Maleka to do and as he pleased to avoid any further fights. He did not care about other people’s judgments. He allowed Moleka to have his most desired and best woman, his wife. She had all the good attributes of a real lady, intelligent, eye catching and caught everyone’s attention. These entire things seemed to have caught Moleka interests, as he also caught people’s eye. What did he want with a woman who did not suit people’s interest? In fact, after he married her she had turned into an infidelity woman of the village, well enticing men of her interest. Moleka did not want to live his life as a joke and anger and could have avoided exposing her wrong doings. The community was always around. A well-known man tried to please the people. When he decided to take charge he thought twice on what he thought would suit both him and Moleka. He thought hard about this. Perhaps he had under estimated Moleka’s power, That Moleka beard more quality than him who he had no control over .Was he loved the most? Or did he just have more power? He believed in love but not the power as power can change into anything. He would cry too, over that Moleka could have stronger love than him. His heart interpreted that Moleka had more power than him, and he felt no guilt over what he had done to his wife as Moleka beard feelings for her to. The intense thoughts and confusion made him have so much anger and hatred. Maybe his heart had forsaken him and one day he would end up giving up his wife to Moleka, as he had concluded that Moleka’s love was stronger than his. If this feeling was within him, he would go up to his wife and tell her that ‘I only married you because you were the only woman in the world who did not want to be important. But you are not at all important to me, as I sometimes say you are’. This could destroy the world. The worlds turned to darkness as his words were all coming to action. That night he was so jolly. The yellow daisies. As he walked through the door and said, softly ‘My sweetheart.’ Those were very beautiful words, if only one had the knowledge of what damage could the human heart. ; Horrible danger that seemed very dangerous because the main causers of it were so tender. Children adopted this behaviour from their parents. Parents spat on the ground to show belittlement and disgust, Low nation passed by. Children took over from the ir parents. They disrespected one. They hurt you. They danced very hard. Introduction Maru is a book that reflects on the life of an orphaned young girl of Basarwa tribe who gets an opportunity of teaching and she is sent to teach in a remote village in Botswana where her own people are kept as slaves. Her existence separates a community which does not recognise Basarwa people as human beings thus condemn her to the lonely life of an outcast. This Book Maru in a way reflects on the life of its writer Bessie Head who is recognised as one of the best African writers, she also went through traumatising life experiences of racial prejudice in the late South-African government. She fled South Africa seeking refuge in Botswana where she settled in a small village which was filled with tribalism and people of her tribe were in slaved Part One That year the rains were so late, though the atmosphere was mysterious and threatening with menacing dark clouds, the summer season climatically was hot and dry. The clouds brought confusion in people’s minds as each evening roaring sounds of thunders and lightning would be heard only to live people with empty promises of rain. The man was fully equipped with necessary tools planning for the seasonal ploughing ground breaking was done for easy sowing two brand new tanks were installed on the nearby houses waiting for the rains to fall so they catch and contain the storm water. He wanted to plough something that will signify his wife’s beauty and resemble his true love for her and for that he prepared a flower garden of yellow daisies. The man’s desire was to fulfil his destinies no matter how many he had; though he knew life was short he was a born leader with an affection of pleasing and archiving his goals no matter the consequences, even if attain his goals th reatened his position as a leader he will still go for the execution as planned. â€Å"I’ll be going now (Head, 1971)† quietly said Maru to a group of three working man who were building vegetable beds. He took his time as he was nervous to speak. The three men were not ordinary farm boys but close friends of Maru who shielded and have always been there for him through his entire life, he said some harsh words to them which annoyed them but because he was their leader they said â€Å"Maru is always impossible!† they spoke in a low voice out of respect behind him, fearing being heard. â€Å"Ranko† said Maru in a deep sharp voice of annoyance. ‘Didn’t I tell you not to break the up the clods? They are for conserving moisture in the soil’. (Head, 1971) Ranko stirred up the skies like he wished God will see his sorrows or he could see answers in the skies of what exactly his leader wants him to do, he wiped his nose with one arm out of confusion. In Setswana Ranko meant a person with a big nose, since when had people not had their vegetable garden raked in a decorated fancy way. Each and every new idea no matter how impossible it looked it had to be put into practise, making no allowance for prejudice. This to him was too much and painful like his big nose, the three men knew no other life but the one of serving and pleasing their leader Maru. Without him they were lost souls wuthering around with nowhere to go and this on its own inflicted fear into their lives. Maru was their king whom loathed the kingship like a husband who hated his annoying, most demanding ever complaining wife from the deep bottom of his heart, they knew he wanted to give up his leadership seat and it was a scary shocking secret to them which brought confusion and fear which they couldn’t be at peace with. The secret was kept among him and them, they knew it has to circulate around them only though they didn’t know the verdict none the less had answers to the outcome of events when the time comes only their leader who was planning to abandon them knew what he was doing. They knew when time comes they will just pretend as if their leader passed away. Maru paused for some time and looked up the skies, where the storm looked mysterious and threatening with dark clouds. The shrubs always looked and turned black in the evening when darkness was falling and sudden breeze swerved the very dry white grass. He was in his zone where he could communicate freely with his thoughts with less or total absence of distraction and interruption from his people. The place was filled with cemetery silence. His mind, body, soul and heart communicated freely with beautifully much appreciated desired feedback. He knew that people hated him though they thought they hid it so well behind their fake smiles towards him, he could tell of their evil deeds planned for him he could feel it in their blood running up and down their veins, only if they knew what he knew wouldn’t they have ripped, torn him to pieces a long time ago, just to keep their secrets and their evil safe where bad and darkness is the ruler and possesses all things? It was an anticipated vision that slowly accepted or permitted one dream to rule and dominate his life. The small little brown, filled with dust walk path, turned a blind eye on the noisy fast highways of life. Alongside the dusty footpath grew the yellow daisies which always danced in the sun and wind, the sight and the beautiful rhythm of dancing movements of the yellow daisies will eventually dominate his fantasies, an overwhelming feeling, filled with jo yful moments. So much it made his heart beat pound with everlasting joy. He promised himself that as soon as the first rain fell he will sow those yellow daisies alongside the walking path that leads to his house as he was reflecting and joyfully feasting on his dreams on which he brought to life for that peaceful moment, at least the present and the on-going moment was simple to interpret, though he kept a deep secret of things to happen which only him was holding like those black clouds which knew what they kept beneath them which no man could interpret but hope for the best out of them, he had that cloud coiled in him, waiting to be unleashed like clouds filled with plenty of water that will cause a storm so strong and heavy it will cleanse and wash away all those ugly undesirable bad things that he forever despised and bring forth happiness which was hindered by all those things he hated. As he walked on tortoise pace walking on a path that will land him at his house he was doing so with his eyes leaned towards the sky on which a clear display of beau tiful fantastic vision of things to come were set resembling a beautiful tale. As he silently entered the house his wife fearfully gazed at him from the dinner table she was preparing. He sometimes had an angry and hurtful mood whereas every word he said was verbally abusive and repeatedly hurt one’s feelings. Most certainly she never kept into her heart all past experiences of pain and suffering. Most often she felt full of joy and hallucinated by happiness it was not an everyday thing for her to parade around the whole day with a very excited smile drown on her face, because the days of being deliberately been hurt and pain inflicted on her were few thus were over shadowed by the days of deeply showered and expressed love. The darkest days may have been there as to balance the situation. Maybe Maru had to face and experience reality to know how bad man can be to one. He moved with confidence. He never took a second thought over his Godly conscious. The major threat in his life was Moleka. He was afraid that one day his anger will get the best of him an d drive him to kill Moleka one way or the other. His wife’s heart had two rooms filled with love for both men Moleka and Maru. Maru feared and dreamt that his room of love in his wife’s heart would eventually be over taken on by Moleka. This fearful dream continuously occurred. He dreamt Moleka with a broken leg and bleeding from a wound that was from his mouth and heart. His wife always cried with pain whenever Maru had these dreadful dreams. He usually woke up to his wife’s tears pouring on him as her eyes were closed. ‘Why are you crying?’ asked Maru, in pretence that he did not know. She would see the tears but feared to account to them as to what they were for when she woke up as she was not aware of them when she was sleeping, except the tears she cried for Maru. He had no power over destroying the love his wife had for Moleka. He seemed to have no control over his wife’s affair as much as the raging jealousy he had that drove him crazy as much as it did on Moleka. No one else was. Maru allowed Maleka to do and as he pleased to avoid any further fights. He did not care about other people’s judgments. He allowed Moleka to have his most desired and best woman, his wife. She had all the good attributes of a real lady, intelligent, eye catching and caught everyone’s attention. These entire things seemed to have caught Moleka interests, as he also caught people’s eye. What did he want with a woman who did not suit people’s interest? In fact, after he married her she had turned into an infidelity woman of the village, well enticing men of her interest. Moleka did not want to live his life as a joke and anger and could have avoided exposing her wrong doings. The community was always around. A well-known man tried to please the people. When he decided to take charge he thought twice on what he thought would suit both him and Moleka. He thought hard about this. Perhaps he had under estimated Moleka’s power, That Moleka beard more quality than him who he had no control over .Was he loved the most? Or did he just have more power? He believed in love but not the power as power can change into anything. He would cry too, over that Moleka could have stronger love than him. His heart interpreted that Moleka had more power than him, and he felt no guilt over what he had done to his wife as Moleka beard feelings for her to. The intense thoughts and confusion made him have so much anger and hatred. Maybe his heart had forsaken him and one day he would end up giving up his wife to Moleka, as he had concluded that Moleka’s love was stronger than his. If this feeling was within him, he would go up to his wife and tell her that ‘I only married you because you were the only woman in the world who did not want to be important. But you are not at all important to me, as I sometimes say you are’. This could destroy the world. The worlds turned to darkness as his words were all coming to action. That night he was so jolly. The yellow daisies. As he walked through the door and said, softly ‘My sweetheart.’ Those were very beautiful words, if only one had the knowledge of what damage could the human heart. ; Horrible danger that seemed very dangerous because the main causers of it were so tender. Children adopted this behaviour from their parents. Parents spat on the ground to show belittlement and disgust, Low nation passed by. Children took over from their parents. They disrespected one. They hurt you. They danced very hard.